Affinities between Asian non-human <i>Schistosoma</i> species, the <i>S. indicum</i> group, and the African human schistosomes

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  • Affinities between Asian non-human Schistosoma species the S. indicum group and the African human schistosomes

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma</jats:italic> species have traditionally been arranged in groups based on egg morphology, geographical origins, and the genus or family of snail intermediate host. One of these groups is the ‘<jats:italic>S. indicum</jats:italic> group’ comprising species from Asia that use pulmonate snails as intermediate hosts. DNA sequences were obtained from the four members of this group (<jats:italic>S. indicum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S. spindale</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S. nasale</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. incognitum</jats:italic>) to provide information concerning their phylogenetic relationships with other Asian and African species and species groups. The sequences came from the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the ribosomal gene repeat, part of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S), and part of the mitochondrial cytochrome <jats:italic>c</jats:italic> oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. Tree analyses using both distance and parsimony methods showed the <jats:italic>S. indicum</jats:italic> group not to be monophyletic. <jats:italic>Schistosoma indicum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S. spindale</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. nasale</jats:italic> were clustered among African schistosomes, while <jats:italic>S. incognitum</jats:italic> was placed as sister to the African species (using ITS2 and 28S nucleotide sequences and CO1 amino acid sequences), or as sister to all other species of <jats:italic>Schistosoma</jats:italic> (CO1 nucleotide sequences). Based on the present molecular data, a scenario for the evolution of the <jats:italic>S. indicum</jats:italic> group is discussed.</jats:p>

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