{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050856428650065664.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://iwate-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/15783"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697914"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697914/full"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"34659013"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Skill Differences in a Discrete Motor Task Emerging From the Environmental Perception Phase"}],"dc:language":"en","description":[{"type":"Abstract","notation":[{"@value":"Because of the challenges associated with measuring human perception and strategy, the process of human performance from perception to motion to results is not fully understood. Therefore, this study clarifies the phase at which errors occur and how differences in skill level manifest in a motor task requiring an accurate environmental perception and fine movement control. We assigned a golf putting task and comprehensively examined various errors committed in five phases of execution. Twelve tour professionals and twelve intermediate amateur golfers performed the putting task on two surface conditions: flat and a 0.4-degree incline. The participants were instructed to describe the topographical characteristics of the green before starting the trials on each surface (environmental perception phase). Before each attempt, the participants used the reflective markers to indicate their aim point from which the ball would be launched (decision-making phase). We measured the clubface angle and impact velocity to highlight the pre-motion and motion errors (pre-motion and motion phase). In addition, mistakes in the final ball position were analyzed as result errors (post-performance phase). Our results showed that more than half of the amateurs committed visual–somatosensory errors in the perception phase. Moreover, their aiming angles in the decision-making phase differed significantly from the professionals, with no significant differences between slope conditions. In addition, alignment errors, as reported in previous studies, occurred in the pre-motion phase regardless of skill level (i.e., increased in the 0.4-degree condition). In the motion phase, the intermediate-level amateurs could not adjust their clubhead velocity control to the appropriate level, and the clubhead velocity and clubface angle control were less reproducible than those of the professionals. To understand the amateur result errors in those who misperceived the slopes, we checked the individual results focusing on the final ball position. We found that most of these participants had poor performance, especially in the 0.4-degree condition. Our results suggest that the amateurs’ pre-motion and strategy errors depended on their visual–somatosensory errors."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420282801195385344","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"20712871"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000020712871"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000344126826"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000359946509"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000272639510"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410882700"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016966946"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000258222783"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000382052052"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000010507678"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000318566609"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398451986"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/hasegawa_yumiko"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"HASEGAWA, Yumiko"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1070856428650065536","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"OKADA, Ayako"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420845751143303936","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"70747401"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000070747401"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000017584024"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000327930511"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000344126825"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000359946510"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000408589994"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000405124033"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000376923520"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000341542154"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392826083"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000327930721"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000412370063"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/keisuke7401"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"FUJII, Keisuke"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"ISSN","@value":"16641078"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"16641078"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"16641078"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Frontiers in Psychology"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Frontiers Media"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2021-10-01","prism:volume":"12","prism:startingPage":"697914"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["© 2021 Hasegawa, Okada and Fujii","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://iwate-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/15783"},{"@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697914/full"}],"foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=slope%20perception","dc:title":"slope perception"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=decision-making","dc:title":"decision-making"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=alignment%20error","dc:title":"alignment error"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=kinematics","dc:title":"kinematics"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=golf%20putting","dc:title":"golf putting"}],"dcterms:subject":[{"subjectScheme":"Other","notation":[{"@value":"slope perception"}]},{"subjectScheme":"Other","notation":[{"@value":"decision-making"}]},{"subjectScheme":"Other","notation":[{"@value":"alignment error"}]},{"subjectScheme":"Other","notation":[{"@value":"kinematics"}]},{"subjectScheme":"Other","notation":[{"@value":"golf putting"}]}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782005393536","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"18K17818"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP18K17818"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18K17818/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"ゴルフパッティングの距離感に関する研究－パフォーマンスを制約する要因の解明－"},{"@language":"en","@value":"A sense of distance in golf putting: Elucidation of factors that constrain performance"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050845763735968384","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Resolution of low-velocity control in golf putting differentiates professionals from amateurs"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145580730624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Distance and Slope Constraints: Adaptation and Variability in Golf Putting"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172177866752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"There is more to green reading than meets the eye! 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