{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050867278041523328.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://jir.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000280"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/acp-21-16869-2021"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/16869/2021/acp-21-16869-2021.pdf"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Less atmospheric radiative heating by dust due to the synergy of coarser size and aspherical shape"}],"dc:language":"en","description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Abstract. Mineral dust aerosols cool and warm the atmosphere by\nscattering and absorbing solar (shortwave: SW) and thermal (longwave: LW)\nradiation. However, significant uncertainties remain in dust radiative\neffects, largely due to differences in the dust size distribution and\nspectral optical properties simulated in Earth system models. Dust models\ntypically underestimate the coarse dust load (more than 2.5 µm in\ndiameter) and assume a spherical shape, which leads to an overestimate of\nthe fine dust load (less than 2.5 µm) after the dust emissions in the\nmodels are scaled to match observed dust aerosol optical depth at 550 nm\n(DAOD550). Here, we improve the simulated dust properties with data sets\nthat leverage measurements of size-resolved dust concentration, asphericity\nfactor, and refractive index in a coupled global chemical transport model\nwith a radiative transfer module. After the adjustment of size-resolved dust\nconcentration and spectral optical properties, the global and annual average\nof DAOD550 from the simulation increases from 0.023 to 0.029 and falls\nwithin the range of a semi-observationally based estimate (0.030 ± 0.005). The reduction of fine dust load after the adjustment leads to a\nreduction of the SW cooling at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). To improve\nagreement against a semi-observationally based estimate of the radiative\neffect efficiency at TOA, we find that a less absorptive SW dust refractive\nindex is required for coarser aspherical dust. Thus, only a minor difference\nis estimated for the net global dust radiative effect at TOA (−0.08 vs.\n−0.00 W m−2 on a global scale). Conversely, our sensitivity\nsimulations reveal that the surface warming is substantially enhanced near\nthe strong dust source regions (less cooling to −0.23 from −0.60 W m−2 on a global scale). Thus, less atmospheric radiative\nheating is estimated near the major source regions (less heating to 0.15\nfrom 0.59 W m−2 on a global scale), because of enhanced LW\nwarming at the surface by the synergy of coarser size and aspherical shape.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420845751146227200","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"00419144"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000000419144"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000000976115"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257768306"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000255843808"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000014645327"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000401556933"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000256484402"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411371600"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000256021237"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/read0209324"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ito, Akinori"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1070867278041523328","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Adebiyi, Adeyemi A."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1070867278041523329","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Huang, Yue"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1070867278041523331","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kok, Jasper F."}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"16807324"},{"@type":"NCID","@value":"AA12038447"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"European Geosciences Union"},{"@value":"Copernicus Publications"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2021-11-19","prism:volume":"21","prism:number":"22","prism:startingPage":"16896","prism:endingPage":"16891"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["Copyright (c) Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."],"url":[{"@id":"https://jir.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000280"},{"@id":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/16869/2021/acp-21-16869-2021.pdf"}],"foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Chemistry","dc:title":"Chemistry"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Physics","dc:title":"Physics"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QC1-999","dc:title":"QC1-999"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QD1-999","dc:title":"QD1-999"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000781994338560","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"18H04143"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP18H04143"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18H04143/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"海洋大気バイオエアロゾルの起源と氷晶核化：蛍光特性で探る生態系・物質・雲のリンク"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Origins and ice nucleating abilities of bioaerosols in the marine atmosphere: Links among ecosystems, chemical substances, and clouds explored with fluorescence properties"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040003825719885056","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"20H04329"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP20H04329"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-20H04329/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"太平洋域に供給される生物に利用可能な鉄の起源：人為起源鉄の影響解明"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Pyrogenic iron: Source attribution of atmospheric bioaccessible iron supplied to the Pacific Ocean"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050304328088103040","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Role of Dust and Iron Solubility in Sulfate Formation during the Long-Range Transport in East Asia Evidenced by 17O-Excess Signatures"},{"@value":"Role of Dust and Iron Solubility in Sulfate Formation during the Long-Range Transport in East Asia Evidenced by <sup>17</sup>O-Excess Signatures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050585803064812800","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Ocean fertilization by pyrogenic aerosol iron"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050585869110492032","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Radiative forcing by light-absorbing aerosols of pyrogenetic iron oxides"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050867278040958336","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Evaluation of aerosol iron solubility over Australian coastal regions based on inverse modeling: implications of bushfires on bioaccessible iron concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050867278041524352","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Iron from coal combustion particles dissolves much faster than mineral dust under simulated atmospheric acidic conditions"},{"@value":"Iron from coal combustion particles dissolves much faster than mineral dust under simulated atmospheric acid conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050867278041525632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Aerosol Iron from Metal Production as a Secondary Source of Bioaccessible Iron"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004240190278016","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142934941696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Particle size traces modern Saharan dust transport and deposition across the\nequatorial North Atlantic"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142935378432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144505257216","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global modeling of nitrate and ammonium: Interaction of aerosols and tropospheric chemistry"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145167942784","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The size distribution of desert dust aerosols and its impact on the Earth system"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145748612224","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Profiling of Saharan dust from the Caribbean to western Africa – Part 2: Shipborne lidar measurements versus forecasts"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013170437455360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Uncertainty in modeling dust mass balance and radiative forcing from size parameterization"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172052225664","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Estimation of mineral dust long-wave radiative forcing: sensitivity study to particle properties and application to real cases in the region of Barcelona"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172128740352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A regional, size-dependent, and causal effective medium model for Asian and Saharan mineral dust refractive index spectra"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172153711232","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Infrared optical constants of aerosols at some locations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172240094080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Improved representation of the global dust cycle using observational constraints on dust properties and abundance"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172330046208","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Numerical simulations of optical properties of Saharan dust aerosols with\n                        emphasis on lidar applications"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172540174464","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An assessment of Saharan dust loading and the corresponding cloud‐free longwave direct radiative effect from geostationary satellite observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017279844212736","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A review of coarse mineral dust in the Earth system"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021798678610304","@type":"Article","resourceType":"preprint","relationType":["hasPreprint"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Less atmospheric radiative heating due to aspherical dust with\ncoarser size"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285704783600768","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Do dust emissions from sparsely vegetated regions dominate atmospheric iron supply to the Southern Ocean?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617912210688","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620258690816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols: Sensitivity to key variables"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294645052093440","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The mysterious long-range transport of giant mineral dust particles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294646886138752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Soot, sulfate, dust and the climate — three ways through the fog"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294647435278080","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global scale variability of the mineral dust long-wave refractive index: a new dataset of in situ measurements for climate modeling and remote sensing"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294647437995904","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dust Aerosol Retrieval Over the Oceans With the MODIS/VIIRS Dark Target Algorithm: 2. Nonspherical Dust Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294647527999616","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impact of dust particle non‐sphericity on climate simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294647918656384","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impact of Dust Radiative Forcing upon Climate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294648101100928","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Saharan dust plume charging observed over the UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294648122021632","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Aerosol single‐scattering albedo over the global oceans: Comparing PARASOL retrievals with AERONET, OMI, and AeroCom models estimates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567185890769024","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574092884795136","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093897050240","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Incorporation of mineralogical composition into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol from UV to IR wavelengths"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574096414372864","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Characterization of iron oxides in mineral dust aerosols: Implications for light 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A Case Study of Dust Storms in Central Asia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576122226775808","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Aging of atmospheric aerosols and the role of iron in catalyzing brown carbon formation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576122709475840","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Direct Radiative Effect of Absorbing Aerosols: Sensitivity to Mixing State, Brown Carbon, and Soil Dust Refractive Index and Shape"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576122850587520","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impact of radiatively interactive dust aerosols in the NASA GEOS‐5 climate model: Sensitivity to dust particle shape and refractive index"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576123003516928","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Optical properties of calcite and gypsum in crystalline and powdered form in the infrared and far-infrared"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576123204718720","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of Particle Nonsphericity on Dust Optical Properties in a Forecast System: Implications for Model‐Observation Comparison"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576123208880512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Electrostatic forces alter particle size distributions in atmospheric dust"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360580232401930112","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Earth, Wind, Fire, and Pollution: Aerosol Nutrient Sources and Impacts on Ocean Biogeochemistry"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567862531712","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Delivery of anthropogenic bioavailable iron from mineral dust and combustion  aerosols to the ocean"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567863325824","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A simulation of the global distribution and radiative forcing of soil dust aerosols at the Last Glacial Maximum"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568494298496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interactive soil dust aerosol model in the GISS GCM: 1. Sensitivity of the soil dust cycle to radiative properties of soil dust aerosols"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568667120000","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impact of atmospheric transport on the evolution of microphysical and optical properties of Saharan dust"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570744060672","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Historical greenhouse gas concentrations for climate modelling (CMIP6)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855571115171456","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An observationally constrained estimate of global dust aerosol optical depth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855571257959040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Morphological and chemical modification of mineral dust: Observational insight into the heterogeneous uptake of acidic gases"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855571495605248","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A GCM study of the response of the atmospheric water cycle of West Africa and the Atlantic to Saharan dust radiative forcing"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857595129624192","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dust Constraints from joint Observational-Modelling-experiMental analysis (DustCOMM): comparison with measurements and model simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857596576575232","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An assessment of the surface longwave direct radiative effect of airborne dust in Zhangye, China, during the Asian Monsoon Years field experiment (2008)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857596609081984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Linking the Different Diameter Types of Aspherical Desert Dust Indicates That Models Underestimate Coarse Dust Emission"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857597246715136","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Net radiative effect of dust aerosols from satellite measurements over Sahara"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857597355657600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Better representation of dust can improve climate models with too weak an African monsoon"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857597559953792","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Atmospheric Drivers of the Major Saharan Dust Storm in June 2020"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857597700705280","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Satellite‐based assessment of cloud‐free net radiative effect of dust aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857597838058496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Saharan Aerosol Long-Range Transport and Aerosol–Cloud-Interaction Experiment: Overview and Selected Highlights"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857598138556032","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Climate models miss most of the coarse dust in the atmosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857598147970176","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Climate Models and Remote Sensing Retrievals Neglect Substantial Desert Dust Asphericity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043956041856","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044480556416","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Feedback upon dust emission by dust radiative forcing through the planetary boundary layer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418518757503616","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Quantifying particle size and turbulent scale dependence of dust flux in the Sahara using aircraft measurements"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520757372672","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate 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