{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002215816692736.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.021"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169809513002731?httpAccept=text/xml"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169809513002731?httpAccept=text/plain"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Long-term trends and variability of rainfall extremes in the Philippines"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"Abstract   Owing to the increasing concerns about climate change due to the recent extreme rainfall events in the Philippines, long-term trends and variability in rainfall extremes in the country are investigated using 60-year (1951–2010) daily rainfall data from 35 meteorological stations. Rainfall extremes are described using seven extreme precipitation indices (EPI) that characterize daily rainfall in terms of intensity, accumulation, and duration on a seasonal perspective. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test is employed in combination with the moving blocks bootstrapping technique to detect significant trends in EPI. The results suggest a tendency toward a drying condition for the dry season, January–March (JFM), as indicated by statistically significant decreasing trends in seasonal wet days total rainfall (PCPTOT) associated with increasing trends in maximum length of dry spell (LDS). In contrast, statistically significant increasing trends in maximum 5-day rainfall (RX5day) and decreasing trends in LDS denote a wetting condition during the July–September (JAS) season, particularly at stations located in the northwest and central Philippines. The trends obtained are further assessed by examining the longer time series of EPI at four meteorological stations (Aparri, Dagupan, Iloilo, and Masbate) that have rainfall data from 1911 to 2010. The longer historical data revealed that the trends obtained in the shorter period (1951–2010) could either be consistent with the continuous long-term trends, as observed in RX5day during JAS at Aparri and Masbate, or represent interdecadal variability as was observed at Dagupan and Iloilo. The long-term (1911–2010) southwestward extension of the western North Pacific subtropical high associated with a weakening of the 850-hPa westerly wind over the South China Sea partly provides a possible cause of the trends in EPI during JAS, whereas the weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon contributed somewhat to the trends obtained during JFM. Furthermore, interannual variations in EPI are found to be influenced greatly by the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Composite analyses suggest that El Nino (La Nina) events are associated with statistically significant drier (wetter) conditions over the Philippines, especially during the seasons close to ENSO mature stage."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380003443986119684","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Marcelino Q. Villafuerte"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420564276166877824","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"80165894"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000080165894"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405849"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406549"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000345298849"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257767177"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409521"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405927"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405942"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402113579"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414343029"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000019087409"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409057"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000375921514"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283650657"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392816713"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363502618"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406376"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402113583"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000001944762"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481530"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410225"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016856714"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392819140"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257827612"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408792"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000413535585"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392819679"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236728"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236757"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257766546"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257827735"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407308"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409181"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000350654066"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236802"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283593602"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257827489"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398832305"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407559"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405944"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000317156201"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000345384597"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000350653906"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000408599449"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236805"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257828036"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410853"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411330"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405647"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407776"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000350653859"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242083382"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410196208"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000399411848"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257766602"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257767397"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409544"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408597"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406038"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000412200649"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000240084162"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392815996"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000258245058"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257828019"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363489571"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367426846"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392813778"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392820154"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000000400684"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000019087432"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405866"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407316"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000350654047"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000350653855"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000253274501"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000364842736"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405609"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408433"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406031"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000020205378"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000311488286"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000350653944"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363504154"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000253274859"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000396111751"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392815025"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392819700"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257767685"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257768045"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410762"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481896"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405844"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404063"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409875"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000304618368"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000253274970"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392816420"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236766"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257766525"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000021978435"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000316214800"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236780"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363497235"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402263"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363498697"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000365014958"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402465"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403096"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363499216"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363491103"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402284"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403623"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363490606"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/junmat"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jun Matsumoto"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420282801208613760","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"40574140"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000040574140"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016707937"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392044529"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000412272656"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/7000006699"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ikumi Akasaka"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380003443986119680","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hiroshi G. Takahashi"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420564276173836160","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"40359211"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000040359211"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479436"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000369349145"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402256255"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479865"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479294"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000314065179"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392820757"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000375921512"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392046423"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363499664"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479047"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000001341678"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479812"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363478911"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016710198"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479400"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392044540"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016709128"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479569"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479401"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392046285"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480539"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480545"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000412200648"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410906702"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392044545"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283593836"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000396167313"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479799"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479721"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479232"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236700"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479023"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479581"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402256077"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402255950"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257827494"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480767"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402256228"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392820634"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257767169"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363401341"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402234"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402737"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403243"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363400769"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402726"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402046"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403535"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404498"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363401680"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403252"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404507"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402358"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403227"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404649"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402712"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403589"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363400786"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402428"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402743"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363402734"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363400525"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363400606"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/hisapo"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hisayuki Kubota"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380003443986119682","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Thelma A. Cinco"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"01698095"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Atmospheric Research"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Elsevier BV"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2014-02","prism:volume":"137","prism:startingPage":"1","prism:endingPage":"13"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-017","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-012","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-004"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169809513002731?httpAccept=text/xml"},{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169809513002731?httpAccept=text/plain"}],"createdAt":"2013-10-06","modifiedAt":"2025-12-04","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257120105344","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"23240122"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP23240122"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23240122/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"モンスーンアジアの降水強度の長期変化"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Long-term changes of precipitation intensity in monsoon Asia"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050012570391745152","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Tropical cyclones over the western north Pacific since the mid-nineteenth century"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050869456407396224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Tropical cyclone influence on the long-term variability of Philippine summer monsoon onset"},{"@value":"Tropical cyclone influence on the long-term variability of the Philippines summer monsoon onset"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142580876672","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Non-tropical Cyclone Related Winter Heavy Rainfall Events over the Philippines: Climatology and Mechanisms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144271751168","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Spatiotemporal trends and change point of precipitation in Iran"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285714452116480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Abrupt Climate Shift in the Mature Rainy Season of the Philippines in the Mid-1990s"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360290617650459264","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Controlling Factors of Methane in Tropical Lakes of Different Depths"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617912092672","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618679016320","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620219351040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling the hydrologic responses of the Pampanga River basin, Philippines: A quantitative approach for identifying droughts"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620283105280","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Influence of El Niño/southern oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation, and local sea-surface temperature anomalies on peak season monsoon precipitation in India"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620558404224","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Asymmetry in the response of eastern Australia extreme rainfall to low‐frequency Pacific variability"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565166661036416","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interdecadal variability of tropical cyclone landfall in the Philippines from 1902 to 2005"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567189428839552","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interdecadal Shifts in the Winter Monsoon Rainfall of the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360572092534106496","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A climatological study of the wet and dry conditions in the pre‐summer monsoon season of the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574092884783360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Definition of El Niño"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094348571392","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evolution of ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in Southeast Asia region and its relationship with atmosphere–ocean variations in Indo-Pacific sector"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848655122017408","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Changes in extreme rainfall in the Philippines (1911–2010) linked to global mean temperature and <scp>ENSO</scp>"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848661488555008","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interdecadal Variations in ENSO Teleconnection to the Indo–Western Pacific for 1870–2007"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848661488852992","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Significant Influences of Global Mean Temperature and ENSO on Extreme Rainfall in Southeast Asia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568573457024","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Changes in daily temperature and precipitation extremes in central and south Asia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569669298688","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The seasonally-varying influence of ENSO on rainfall and tropical cyclone activity in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857593759055104","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Diurnal Characteristics of Summer Precipitation Over Luzon Island, Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520029845248","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Identification of hydrological trends in the presence of serial and cross correlations: A review of selected methods and their application to annual flow regimes of Canadian rivers"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418521056945024","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Annual Cycle of Southeast Asia—Maritime Continent Rainfall and the Asymmetric Monsoon Transition"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995620239488","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Trends in Precipitation Extremes in the Zhujiang River Basin, South China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699996313152896","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Wet and Dry Spells across India during 1951–2007"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699996360403968","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981468762801152","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"New Techniques for the Detection and Adjustment of Shifts in Daily Precipitation Data Series"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981471142799232","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A study on impact of climate variability/change on water resources in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944463048448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weakening of the Winter Monsoon and Abrupt Increase of Winter Rainfalls over Northern Taiwan and Southern China in the Early 1980s"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945467545984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Asymmetry in ENSO Teleconnection with Regional Rainfall, Its Multidecadal Variability, and Impact"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945663360640","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Climate change impacts and responses in the Philippines: water resources"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945992944256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A climatological analysis of the southwest monsoon rainfall in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544418943369984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Extreme weather events and related disasters in the Philippines, 2004–08: a sign of what climate change will mean?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419192624512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Trends in extreme precipitation indices derived from a daily rainfall database for the South of Portugal"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894291247488","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Resampling Hypothesis Tests for Autocorrelated Fields"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895259360128","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interannual variations in seasonal march of rainfall in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895768496256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Trends in Middle East climate extreme indices from 1950 to 2003"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107368588616192","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Seasonal reversal of the ENSO rainfall signal in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107371016945920","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The meteorologically abnormal year of 2006 and natural disasters in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388843318041984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interdecadal change in Western Pacific Subtropical High and climatic effects"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318328969600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"How Much Do Tropical Cyclones Affect Seasonal and Interannual Rainfall Variability over the Western North Pacific?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320945164160","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Asymmetry of Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies over the Western North Pacific between El Niño and La Niña*"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794191905920","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233270659805440","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evidence of trends in daily climate extremes over southern and west Africa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370287144563548298","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Moving blocks bootstrap captures weak dependence"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370287144563548420","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Guidelines on climate metadata and homogenization"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370287144563548430","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Influence of PDO on south Asian summer monsoon and monsoon–ENSO relation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370287144563548431","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"El Niño southern oscillation in the Philippines: impacts, forecasts, and risk managements"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370287144563548544","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Misuses of statistical analysis in climate research"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001205222779008","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Trends in Precipitation Extremes over Southeast Asia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206503309056","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Assessing the Sensitivity of the Non-Hydrostatic Regional Climate Model to Boundary Conditions and Convective Schemes over the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206503310208","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Statistically Downscaled Projected Changes in Seasonal Mean Temperature and Rainfall in Cagayan Valley, Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001277350606464","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Enhancement of Summer Monsoon Rainfall by Tropical Cyclones in Northwestern Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390863970913655296","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Development of Local Southwest Monsoon Index in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390867421576015488","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Homogenization of Daily Rainfall, Minimum and Maximum Temperature in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050870367055091840","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Seasonal march patterns of the summer rainy season in the Philippines and their long-term variability since the late twentieth century"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.021"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-13796037"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-13796071"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::4b95cb34b316f083461cbfd0b06f43b7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2019-052_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s13143-019-00165-2_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s10584-021-02984-7_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-017-0138-5_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3390/atmos9090350_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2015-058_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2020jg005828_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2024-033_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-018-0178-5_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/joc.6452_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3390/atmos9120464_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2025-027_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/joc.4105_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/jcli-d-14-00531.1_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s13143-020-00214-1_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2015-059_references_DOI_N4HQDXTxDKTVL35aTSrxnhugsg8"}]}