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During that time period, land use changed from primarily forest to cropland in India, eastern China, and Europe. This study used an atmospheric general circulation model, Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 3.2, coupled with a land surface scheme, Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff. The results showed that HLUC decreased rainfall amounts by more than 2 mm day−1 during the onset phase and delayed the onset date of the local rainy season by approximately four pentads over the Indian subcontinent. The onset date over southeastern China was also delayed by four pentads. The changes in precipitation and the onset of the local rainy season result from the change in the surface water budget induced by HLUC, as discussed in previous work. Although ISM circulation activity, defined by a large-scale land–sea thermal contrast, was slightly decreased from late May to early June, its onset date did not change. Thus, in the onset phase, HLUC affected the local rainy season onset over the same region, although the ISM circulation was weakened only marginally, showing no change in its onset timing. Hence, unlike the broad-scale ISM circulation onset, the beginning of the local rainy season is dominantly influenced by local surface conditions."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004230191890949","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ryoji Yamashima"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Geography; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Hachioji 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Matsumoto"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Geography; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Hachioji Japan"},{"@value":"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; Kanagawa Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004230191890952","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kumiko Takata"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Institute of Polar Research; Tokyo Japan"},{"@value":"National Institute for Environmental Research; Ibaraki Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004230191891073","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hiroshi G. Takahashi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Geography; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Hachioji Japan"},{"@value":"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; Kanagawa Japan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"08998418"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"International Journal of 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Current/Kuroshio Extension"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257256993792","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"26220202"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP26220202"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-26220202/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"過去120年間におけるアジアモンスーン変動の解明"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Asian monsoon variability during the past 120 years"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142935358592","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142938138624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interannual Variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Contrasts between the Indian and the Western North Pacific–East Asian 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Experiments"},{"@value":"Evaluation for the Seasonal Evolution of the Summer Monsoon over the Asian and Western North Pacific Sector in the WCRP CMIP3 Multi-model Experiments(<Special Edition>Evaluations of CMIP3 Model Performance for Various Atmospheric and Oceanic Phenomena, Part I)"},{"@value":"Evaluation for the seasonal evolution of the summer monsoon over the Asian-western Pacific sector in the WCRP CMIP3 multi-model experiments"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050870367065767168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Seasonal variation in isotopic composition and the origin of precipitation over 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