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However, the pathological relationship among testosterone and insulin and insulin‐like growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF</jats:styled-content>)‐1 signaling in relation to MetS and T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM</jats:styled-content> with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content> remains unclear.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Papers were reviewed, including those by the authors.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>In MetS or the initial stage of T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM</jats:styled-content> accompanying insulin resistance, insulin and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF</jats:styled-content>‐1 signaling could be essential for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content> growth. In the advanced stage of T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM</jats:styled-content>, the decrease in insulin secretion might work against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content> growth. A decrease in testosterone concentration with T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM</jats:styled-content> also might suppress <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content> proliferation. Androgen deprivation therapy in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content> might increase the risk of MetS and/or T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM</jats:styled-content> and consequently cardiovascular events. Certain drugs for T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM</jats:styled-content> treatment, such as metformin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog, potentially might be useful for the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>The improvement of insulin resistance appears to be essential for the prevention of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content> growth. Further studies are needed to clarify the complicated pathophysiology of metabolic disorders in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC</jats:styled-content> growth.</jats:p></jats:sec>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004230291492104","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tashihiko Yanase"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus School of Medicine Fukuoka University  Fukuoka Japan"},{"@value":"Department of Bioregulatory Science of Life‐related Diseases Fukuoka University  Fukuoka Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004230291491840","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Takako Kawanami"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus School of Medicine Fukuoka University  Fukuoka 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