{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231220148992.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z/fulltext.html"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Role of the ocean in controlling atmospheric CO2 concentration in the course of global glaciations"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"Responses of ocean circulation and ocean carbon cycle in the course of a global glaciation from the present Earth conditions are investigated by using a coupled climate-biogeochemical model. We investigate steady states of the climate system under colder conditions induced by a reduction of solar constant from the present condition. A globally ice-covered solution is obtained under the solar constant of 92.2% of the present value. We found that because almost all of sea water reaches the frozen point, the ocean stratification is maintained not by temperature but by salinity just before the global glaciation (at the solar constant of 92.3%). It is demonstrated that the ocean circulation is driven not by the surface cooling but by the surface freshwater forcing associated with formation and melting of sea ice. As a result, the deep ocean is ventilated exclusively by deep water formation in southern high latitudes where sea ice production takes place much more massively than northern high latitudes. We also found that atmospheric CO2 concentration decreases through the ocean carbon cycle. This reduction is explained primarily by an increase of solubility of CO2 due to a decrease of sea surface temperature, whereas the export production weakens by 30% just before the global glaciation. In order to investigate the conditions for the atmospheric CO2 reduction to cause global glaciations, we also conduct a series of simulations in which the total amount of carbon in the atmosphere–ocean system is reduced from the present condition. Under the present solar constant, the results show that the global glaciation takes place when the total carbon decreases to be 70% of the present-day value. Just before the glaciation, weathering rate becomes very small (almost 10% of the present value) and the organic carbon burial declines due to weakened biological productivity. Therefore, outgoing carbon flux from the atmosphere–ocean system significantly decreases. This suggests the atmosphere–ocean system has strong negative feedback loops against decline of the total carbon content. The results obtained here imply that some processes outside the atmosphere–ocean feedback loops may be required to cause global glaciations."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420845751142902528","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"70396943"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000070396943"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000322680288"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000279203019"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000404524068"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000317129675"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/akiraoka"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Akira Oka"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004231220148992","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Eiichi Tajika"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004231220148612","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ayako Abe-Ouchi"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004231220148993","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Keiko Kubota"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"09307575"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"14320894"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Climate Dynamics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2010-12-19","prism:volume":"37","prism:number":"9-10","prism:startingPage":"1755","prism:endingPage":"1770"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://www.springer.com/tdm"],"url":[{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z.pdf"},{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z/fulltext.html"},{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z"}],"createdAt":"2010-12-18","modifiedAt":"2020-06-14","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257078019584","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22101005"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22101005"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PLANNED-22101005/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"旧人・新人時空分布と気候変動の関連性の分析"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Reconstructing the distribution of Neanderthal and Modern Humans in time and space in relation to past climate change"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142930044544","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simulations of temperature and turbulence structure of the oceanic boundary layer with the improved near‐surface process"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142935699072","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Parameterizing Eddy-Induced Tracer Transports in Ocean Circulation Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011143515781504","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Haline circulation induced by formation and melting of sea ice"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144632425984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Isotopes, ice ages, and terminal Proterozoic earth history"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146047418496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"PHC: A Global Ocean Hydrography with a High-Quality Arctic Ocean"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146246435584","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Energy balance climate models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146363783680","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A model for atmospheric CO 2 over Phanerozoic time"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360022305566182144","@type":"Article","resourceType":"preprint","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an EMIC intercomparison"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360283696093896576","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an intercomparison of Earth system models of intermediate complexity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617913689600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617917581696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Long-Term Variations of Caloric Insolation Resulting from the Earth's Orbital Elements"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618516378496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620191739520","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The UVic earth system climate model: Model description, climatology, and applications to past, present and future climates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620270715776","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of Freshwater Forcing on the Atlantic Deep Circulation: A Study with an OGCM Forced by Two Different Surface Freshwater Flux Datasets"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567179759447040","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The post‐2002 global surface warming slowdown caused by the subtropical Southern Ocean heating acceleration"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574092891614080","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093708556160","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Snowball versus slushball Earth: Dynamic versus nondynamic sea ice?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095108726016","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Snowball Earth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360580232138892288","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Hysteresis of the Glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Controlled by Thermal Feedbacks"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360846639280287616","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Role of Southern Ocean stratification in glacial atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>\n reduction evaluated by a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567638367488","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Is there warming in the pipeline? A multi-model analysis of the Zero Emissions Commitment from CO\n                    <sub>2</sub>"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568701697024","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"GCM simulations of snowball earth conditions during the Late Proterozoic"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569260333184","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ocean‐atmosphere partitioning of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on centennial timescales"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569754636800","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The impact of atmospheric and oceanic heat transports on the sea-ice-albedo instability during the Neoproterozoic"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855571150965376","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An Elastic–Viscous–Plastic Model for Sea Ice Dynamics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043908355072","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Testing paleogeographic controls on a Neoproterozoic snowball Earth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045273447808","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global glaciation in the Neoproterozoic: Reconciling previous modelling results"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046368549120","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Susceptibility of the early Earth to irreversible glaciation caused by carbon dioxide clouds"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519256739200","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520827395328","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impact of ocean dynamics on the simulation of the neoproterozoic “snowball Earth”"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699993433980928","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Global Climatic Model Based on the Energy Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994523314432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A ‘snowball Earth’ climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994991286144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Model for the Thermodynamic Growth of Sea Ice in Numerical Investigations of Climate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995200828288","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The role of the vertical fluxes of particulate organic matter and calcite in the oceanic carbon cycle: Studies using an ocean biogeochemical general circulation model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995847907584","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Pacific Water Transport in the Western Arctic Ocean Simulated by an Eddy-Resolving Coupled Sea Ice–Ocean Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469220809856","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Snowball Earth prevention by dissolved organic carbon remineralization"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981471284234112","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effect of decreased solar luminosity on late Precambrian ice extent"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943856986752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Glacial flow of floating marine ice in “Snowball Earth”"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944587130624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Intensification of the Atlantic Deep Circulation by the Canadian Archipelago Throughflow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262946287799424","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"CO2 windows from mantle to atmosphere: Models on ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and speculations on the link with melting of snowball Earth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419284840576","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The life span of the biosphere revisited"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419944281600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Solar interior structure and luminosity variations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420070324480","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"GEOCARB II; a revised model of atmospheric CO 2 over Phanerozoic time"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420123839104","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stabilization of thermohaline circulation by wind-driven and vertical diffusive salt transport"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420587274880","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544421300612352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A negative feedback mechanism for the long‐term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894464749312","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Carbon cycle and climate change during the Cretaceous inferred from a biogeochemical carbon cycle model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388843821331968","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"GCM response to Late Precambrian (∼590 Ma) ice—covered continents"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319057348480","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Neoproterozoic ‘snowball Earth’ simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319348334464","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Faint young Sun and the carbon cycle: implication for the Proterozoic global glaciations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320014093184","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stratigraphic, geochronological, and paleomagnetic constraints upon the Neoproterozoic climatic paradox"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795543915648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Injection of Antarctic Intermediate Water into the Atlantic subtropical gyre in an eddy resolving ocean model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233268316957056","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Climate forcings and the initiation of low‐latitude ice sheets during the Neoproterozoic Varanger glacial interval"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233268398496000","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Development of a Free-Surface Bryan–Cox–Semtner Ocean Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206503171584","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Nonlinearity of Land Carbon Sensitivities in Climate Change Simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050307417119877760","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ocean carbon pump decomposition and its application to CMIP5 earth system model simulations"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s00382-010-0959-z"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-13154951"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::e331a5ab535256f1dda29c845ba59146"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2012-a13_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/cpd-8-4121-2012_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/cp-9-1111-2013_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-020-00338-y_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2016gl072184_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2021gl095809_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2015pa002786_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/bg-17-2987-2020_references_DOI_2cM1O37naXZ1HHS0flsn9fk8kRl"}]}