{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231297966720.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3/fulltext.html"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Phase diagram of a multiple forces model for animal group formation: marches versus circles determined by the relative strength of alignment and cohesion"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Many species of fish, bird, and insect form groups of individuals that move together, called schools, flocks, or swarms, of characteristic shape and speed. Here we study a model that traces movements of many individuals, in which each individual moves at a constant speed, and changes its movement angle in response to its neighbors within a radius of interaction. Outside of a short range of separation (or repulsion), each individual changes moving direction to achieve a similar moving direction as its neighbors (alignment) and to move toward them (cohesion). Between each pair of individuals within an interaction range, both alignment and cohesion are at work simultaneously (multiple forces model). This is different from many other models for animal group formation in which only one of the two forces is at work (single force model), different forces operating in different zones of between‐individual distance. Depending on the relative strength of alignment and cohesion, our model produces groups of two distinct patterns: marches and circles. We showed the phase diagram of group patterns depending on the relative strength of alignment and cohesion. As the strength of alignment relative to cohesion increases, the shapes of groups change gradually in the following order: (1) circles, (2) mixture of circles and marches, (3) short marches, (4) long marches, (5) wide marches. We derived a formula for the spatial size of circles, which explains that the radius of circles does not change with the number of individuals, but it increases with moving speed and decreases with the sensitivity of moving direction to neighbors.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004231297966604","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yuki Kubo"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Kyushu University 819‐0395 Fukuoka Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1030003658300225542","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"70176535"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000070176535"},{"@type":"CINII_AUTHOR_ID","@value":"DA03097381"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03097381#entity"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://viaf.org/viaf/NII%7CDA03097381"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000006207184"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363237343"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000327104587"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000000072304"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/read0172423"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoh Iwasa"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Kyushu University 819‐0395 Fukuoka Japan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"14383896"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"1438390X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Population Ecology"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Wiley"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2016-03-16","prism:volume":"58","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"357","prism:endingPage":"370"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","http://www.springer.com/tdm"],"url":[{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3.pdf"},{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3/fulltext.html"},{"@id":"https://esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3"}],"createdAt":"2016-03-18","modifiedAt":"2025-10-21","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000781836075264","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"15J02857"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP15J02857"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15J02857/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"動物の群れ行動と社会の合意形成に関する数理的研究"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144331198464","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Self-organizing Dynamic Model of Fish Schooling"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145123465600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Collective motion of organisms in three dimensions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145289502848","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Self-Organized Fish Schools: An Examination of Emergent Properties"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618945391232","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620727102592","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics: Experiments, Simulations, and Design Solutions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292621159087232","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Changes in school structure according to external stimuli: description and influence on acoustic assessment"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292621353401216","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Individual differences make a difference in the trajectories of simulated schools of fish"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094218818688","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The principles of collective animal behaviour"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570150698240","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modelling Social Animal Aggregations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570294997760","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Selforganization of fish schools: an object-oriented model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044745382784","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The simulation of fish schools in comparison with experimental data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044842744960","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Collective States, Multistability and Transitional Behavior in Schooling Fish"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045139281408","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Onset of Collective and Cohesive Motion"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045199772288","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Coordination of groups of mobile autonomous agents using nearest neighbor rules"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045349479168","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Density distribution and size sorting in fish schools: an individual-based model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045411622528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046044545152","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Newtonian Dynamical Approach to Fish Schooling"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520234954624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dynamical aspects of animal grouping: Swarms, schools, flocks, and herds"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699996196032512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Emergence of Oblong School Shape: Models and Empirical Data of Fish"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699996378082944","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Schools of fish and flocks of birds: their shape and internal structure by self-organization"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469057484288","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Social force model for pedestrian dynamics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469652399488","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A novel method for investigating the collective behaviour of fish: introducing ‘Robofish’"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469802638976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simulating dynamical features of escape panic"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981471032074240","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Artificial fishes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943578007552","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944618028544","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Conceptual Model for Milling Formations in Biological Aggregates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944930758528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simulations of the social organization of large schools of fish whose perception is obstructed"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945878745472","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Collective motion"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262946119625088","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Self‐Organized Shape and Frontal Density of Fish Schools"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262946252600448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"From Disorder to Order in Marching Locusts"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419328647424","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Spontaneously ordered motion of self-propelled particles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419658527488","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Collective Memory and Spatial Sorting in Animal Groups"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420195120640","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Equations Descriptive of Fish Schools and Other Animal Aggregations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893854702720","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Artificial Fish Schools: Collective Effects of School Size, Body Size, and Body Form"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894556695296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895137311360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Collective Motion in a System of Motile Elements"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107368895016704","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Collective motion from local attraction"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369228356608","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Novel Type of Phase Transition in a System of Self-Driven Particles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369291299328","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Some Causes of the Variable Shape of Flocks of Birds"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369827394048","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369881554432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Cooperative Mobile Robotics: Antecedents and Directions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107370756073472","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The dynamics of group formation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845962349056","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Dynamics of Herds: From Individuals to Aggregations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319153282944","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The sensory basis of fish schools: Relative roles of lateral line and vision"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320763381632","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Self-organization in social insects"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794385394816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233268626627968","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The simulation of the movement of fish schools"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233268850651136","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Minimal mechanisms for school formation in self-propelled particles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233269939691264","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ant algorithms and stigmergy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233270834117504","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Spatial structures in simulations of animal grouping"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370587975410401536","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A model for group structure and its behavior"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681388513664","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A simulation study on the schooling mechanism in fish."},{"@language":"ja","@value":"魚類の群泳機構のシミュレーションによる検討"},{"@value":"魚類の群泳機構のシミュレーションによる検討〔英文〕"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ギョルイ ノ グンエイ キコウ ノ シミュレーション ニヨル ケントウ エイブ"},{"@value":"A simulation stdy on the schooling mechanism in fish"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571980075718600832","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Schooling fishes"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-20471979"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::7511fe64d1dea4f5d82e92fcdd78ab6d"}]}