{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004232174584448.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.005"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1568988314001851?httpAccept=text/xml"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1568988314001851?httpAccept=text/plain"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"A bloom of Karlodinium australe (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) associated with mass mortality of cage-cultured fishes in West Johor Strait, Malaysia"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"A recent (February 2014) mass mortality of fishes was observed in the cage-farming region of the West Johor Strait of Malaysia, involving over four different species of cultured fishes, numbering ∼50,000 fish. A field investigation at six stations along the West Johor Strait collected water samples and examined for the presence of harmful species. Dead fishes were collected for necropsy. The phytoplankton composition was dominated by a species of Karlodinium, at a considerably high cell concentration (0.31–2.34 × 106 cells l−1), and constituting 68.8–98.6% of the phytoplankton relative abundance at all stations. Detailed morphological assessment by light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the species was Karlodinium australe de Salas, Bolch and Hallegraeff. This was supported by molecular evidence of the nuclear encoded large subunit ribosomal gene (LSU rDNA) and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) via single-cell PCR. The sequences of LSU rDNA yielded 3.6–4.0% divergence when compared to the sister taxon, K. armiger; and >6.5% when compared to other Karlodinium species. Fish necropsy showed symptoms similar to those affected by karlotoxin ichthyotoxins. This is the first report of a mass mortality of cage-cultured and wild fishes attributed to the unarmored dinoflagellate K. australe."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584458","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hong Chang Lim"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584453","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chui Pin Leaw"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584449","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Toh Hii Tan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584452","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nyuk Fong Kon"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584448","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Leh Hie Yek"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584450","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kieng Soon Hii"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584455","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sing Tung Teng"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584456","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Roziawati Mohd Razali"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584454","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gires Usup"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420564276164043392","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"50423645"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000050423645"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242105630"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000006624470"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000333084380"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000001728976"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000002145233"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000000883571"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000002108556"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016658522"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000310313932"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000001186590"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000018806594"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398980453"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000413497273"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254143816"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254144414"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016658109"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000018469201"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000401501943"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367823411"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000002869205"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254145527"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411784086"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/miwataki"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mitsunori Iwataki"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232174584451","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Po Teen Lim"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"15689883"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Harmful Algae"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Elsevier BV"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2014-12","prism:volume":"40","prism:startingPage":"51","prism:endingPage":"62"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1568988314001851?httpAccept=text/xml"},{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1568988314001851?httpAccept=text/plain"}],"createdAt":"2014-10-30","modifiedAt":"2025-10-27","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=590","dc:title":"590"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=SH%20Aquaculture.%20Fisheries.%20Angling","dc:title":"SH Aquaculture. 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(<scp>B</scp>acillariophyceae) from the <scp>S</scp>trait of <scp>M</scp>alacca, <scp>M</scp>alaysia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118737368448","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567870557184","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"VARNA: Interactive drawing and editing of the RNA secondary structure"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568770166656","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"SURVEY FOR KARLOTOXIN PRODUCTION IN 15 SPECIES OF GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATES (KARENIACEAE, DINOPHYTA)<sup>1</sup>"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569649192192","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"5.8S-28S rRNA interaction and HMM-based ITS2 annotation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570978179968","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ITS2 is a double-edged tool for eukaryote evolutionary comparisons"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857593715400576","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The harmful raphidophyte Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in Western Pacific: Its red tides and associated fisheries damage over the past 50 years (1969–2019)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869855129571968","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Fish Kills Related to Harmful Algal Bloom Events in Southeast Asia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043669254528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dinoflagellate blooms in upwelling systems: Seeding, variability, and contrasts with diatom bloom behaviour"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043913347712","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ITS2 Database IV: Interactive taxon sampling for internal transcribed spacer 2 based phylogenies"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045644186496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"<i>Karlodinium australe</i>sp. nov. 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(Dinophyceae, Suessiales)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894398336512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Shell growth response of mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to toxic microalgae"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895869584000","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ichthyotoxicity of four species of gymnodinioid dinoflagellates (Kareniaceae, Dinophyta) and purified karlotoxins to larval sheepshead minnow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825896408664448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844015741696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Molecular and morphological methods for identifying plankton: what makes a successful marriage?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844265119232","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effects of feeding Karlodinium veneficum (PLY # 103; Gymnodinium veneficum Ballantine) to the blue mussel Mytilus edulis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845477471360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Genetic Diversity of Ostreopsis ovata (Dinophyceae) from Malaysia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388846075066496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Distinguishing species"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388846079629696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Development of single-cell PCR methods for the 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