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The horizontal scale of the landmass around Pontianak is more than 100 km, while those of Manado and Biak are 10–100 km. At all three WPR sites, peak rain rate was detected during 1300–1500 local time (LT) by rain gauges. WPR observations showed that deep convective clouds were predominant during that period.  There was a clear difference in the afternoon-to-evening precipitation among the three WPR sites. At Pontianak, the afternoon-to-evening precipitation has the characteristics of a mesoscale convective system (MCS). Stratiform precipitation after the peak deep convective rain rate was predominant, and the transition from convective precipitation to stratiform precipitation was clearly apparent during 1500–2000 LT. Black body brightness temperature (Tbb) observed by MTSAT-1R satellite also indicated that the precipitation clouds had enough horizontal scale to be well organized as an MCS. At Manado and Biak, the peak rain rate in the early afternoon was characterized by a short period (1–2 h), and the precipitation after the convective precipitation was not clear. Tbb data showed that the convective precipitation had a horizontal scale of 10–100 km. The difference of precipitation features among the three WPR sites is considered to be caused by the difference of horizontal scales of the respective landmasses.  The diurnal precipitation cycle was also investigated using 11 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. A 3G68 product with a horizontal resolution of 0.5° could not resolve peak rain rate in the early afternoon at Manado and Biak, where convective clouds developed with the 10–100 km horizontal scale. Surface rain data with a horizontal resolution of 0.1° were produced using the TRMM precipitation radar (PR) 2A25 product. This high-horizontal-resolution data set successfully detected the peak convective rain rate in the early afternoon at Manado and Biak."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232245179393","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoshikazu Tabata"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420845751144915456","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"90293943"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000090293943"},{"@type":"ORCID","@value":"0000-0001-8033-0955"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405193"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407953"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406226"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481020"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000258181561"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410652"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000023420924"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000006932202"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408182"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409066"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000024736205"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242447625"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000346964382"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392819584"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405345"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405633"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410197"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000251871685"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479976"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000408954189"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392818987"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000415218418"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000010297888"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363400762"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409915"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407872"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408502"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408470"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406041"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000356914401"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410510121"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480769"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479724"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411521"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000001755164"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411402"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411392"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409049"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408913"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398156159"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000400196019"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000250465867"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283807369"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000391989574"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000392819445"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000107381413"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363487195"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410491"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404233"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410235"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407968"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408790"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000285477723"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398156352"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000250465882"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411513"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000324994889"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254740887"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000391989482"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411306"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410902"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411396"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000404240266"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407567"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409051"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407224"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000397828329"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480135"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481159"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257766551"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257766820"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000415221827"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409948"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409886"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407562"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407557"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408028"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407057"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408333"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242547291"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000400195941"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000408855522"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000408855526"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000401736905"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236811"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000258248617"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363488597"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000024229428"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363492033"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405645"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410274"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408781"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000399010771"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479974"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000237753512"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000401709706"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257766450"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410494"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407230"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407760"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406035"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000024741813"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283236180"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410883"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000004867861"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405000"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406168"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242547359"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000356514881"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000408855032"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000408855036"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480785"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000250465892"},{"@ty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Hashiguchi"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232245179392","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masayuki K. Yamamoto"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232245179394","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mamoru Yamamoto"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232245179395","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Manabu D. Yamanaka"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232245179396","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shuichi Mori"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232245179399","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Fadli Syamsudin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004232245179398","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Timbul Manik"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"13646826"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Elsevier BV"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2011-06","prism:volume":"73","prism:number":"9","prism:startingPage":"1031","prism:endingPage":"1042"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1364682610003068?httpAccept=text/xml"},{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1364682610003068?httpAccept=text/plain"}],"createdAt":"2010-11-09","modifiedAt":"2025-10-23","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782080438400","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"21540455"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP21540455"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-21540455/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"MUレーダー超高分解能イメージング観測による微小乱流の研究"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Study of atmospheric turbulence based on high-resolution imaging observations with the MU Radar"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257084515584","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22310115"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22310115"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22310115/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"熱帯アジア域の沿岸豪雨強風帯:スマトラ島西岸に災害をもたらすメソ気象の発生機構"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Coastal heavy rainbands over the tropical Asian region: Mechanism of hazardous meso-scale weather on the western coast of Sumatera Island, Indonesia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257090423680","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22403009"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22403009"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22403009/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"熱帯域降水特性鉛直分布の日本・インドネシア協同観測"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257126287616","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"23340142"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP23340142"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23340142/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"インドネシア海洋大陸における雨滴粒径分布の地上ネットワーク観測"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Network observations of raindrop size distribution over Indonesian maritime continent"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1051693803343107968","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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