{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004235404489344.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1109/tgrs.2011.2159843"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://xplorestaging.ieee.org/ielx5/36/6117787/05959203.pdf?arnumber=5959203"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Analysis of the Sources of Variation in L-band Backscatter From Terrains With Permafrost"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"Simultaneous field data collections and Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) full polarimetry observations were performed in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Alaska (USA). Permafrost is present at the Alaska test sites. Backscattering copolarization ( σco-pol0) values derived from the PALSAR data were compared with those calculated using the integrated equation method (IEM) model, a popular theoretical model describing surface scattering. PALSAR data taken in Ulaanbaatar matched the IEM model results to within a few decibels, whereas data taken in Alaska were 5 to 7 dB lower than those calculated using the IEM model. On the other hand, the σcross-pol0 (σVH0) components estimated from the Oh model were well matched to the PALSAR data in both Ulaanbaatar and Alaska. Moisture levels of the sphagnum moss layer in Alaska were estimated to be about 10% while moisture levels of the underlying organic and mineral layers were 25% to 79%; the moisture values of the organic and mineral layers were factored into the IEM and Oh models. When surface moisture levels of 10% were assumed for Alaska ground conditions, the σco-pol0 values calculated using the IEM model and those derived from the PALSAR data were well matched. From these observations, we conclude that the sphagnum moss layer, which is a seasonally unfrozen layer that occurs above permafrost, plays an important role in radar backscattering processes in permafrost regions and is a main contributor to the σco-pol0 backscattering component; the underlying organic and mineral layers contribute mainly to the σcross-pol0 backscattering component. A two-layer model was applied to the data from a test site in Alaska; the model described the co- and cross-polarization backscatter (σ0) derived from PALSAR data with off-nadir angles of 21.5° and 34.3°."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489352","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Manabu Watanabe"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489348","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gaku Kadosaki"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489345","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yongwon Kim"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489346","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mamoru Ishikawa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489350","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Keiji Kushida"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489347","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yuki Sawada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489349","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Takeo Tadono"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489351","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masami Fukuda"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004235404489344","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Motoyuki Sato"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"01962892"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15580644"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2012-01","prism:volume":"50","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"44","prism:endingPage":"54"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html"],"url":[{"@id":"http://xplorestaging.ieee.org/ielx5/36/6117787/05959203.pdf?arnumber=5959203"}],"createdAt":"2011-07-26","modifiedAt":"2022-01-12","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782113750912","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22404001"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22404001"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22404001/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"レーダを用いた永久凍土水分・凍結状況推定アルゴリズムの開発"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Algorithm development to detect moisture, thaw/freeze condition by using radar."}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360001113991979648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Active‐layer thickness in north central Alaska: Systematic sampling, scale, and spatial autocorrelation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146564267008","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Satellite-observed photosynthetic trends across boreal North America associated with climate and fire disturbance"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360016867753246976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Backscatter Model for a Randomly Perturbed Periodic Surface"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620604635392","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Shadowing of random rough surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298343981733632","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A numerical study of the regions of validity of the Kirchhoff and small‐perturbation rough surface scattering models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298344497526656","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Monitoring Seasonal Variations in Boreal Ecosystems Using Multi-Temporal Spaceborne SAR Data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298344614173312","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Soil moisture limitations on monitoring boreal forest regrowth using spaceborne L-band SAR data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360579818629305344","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Moisture content measurements of moss (<i>Sphagnum</i> spp.) using commercial sensors"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360579819632165376","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Case studies of frozen ground monitoring using PALSAR/ALOS data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360579820349982336","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Assessing spatial and temporal variations in surface soil moisture in fire-disturbed black spruce forests in Interior Alaska using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar imagery — Implications for post-fire tree recruitment"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360579820414500992","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sensitivity of ERS-1 SAR to variations in soil water in fire-disturbed boreal forest ecosystems"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861292132860032","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Characteristics of cryogenic soils along a latitudinal transect in arctic Alaska"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861292253735296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Monitoring freeze—thaw cycles along North—South Alaskan transects using ERS-1 SAR"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861292833367296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Remote monitoring of spatial and temporal surface soil moisture in fire disturbed boreal forest ecosystems with ERS SAR imagery"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861293008297728","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Spectral vegetation indices for estimating shrub cover, green phytomass and leaf turnover in a sedge‐shrub tundra"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861295413990144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effect of Surface Profile Length on the Backscattering Coefficients of Bare Surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044333600256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Overview of the PolSARpro V4.0 software. the open source toolbox for polarimetric and interferometric polarimetric SAR data processing"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045030739200","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The greening and browning of Alaska based on 1982–2003 satellite data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520481176192","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"PALSAR Radiometric and Geometric Calibration"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699996090353920","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Quantitative Retrieval of Soil Moisture Content and Surface Roughness From Multipolarized Radar Observations of Bare Soil Surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419203318144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844324274688","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Soil moisture measurement by an improved capacitance technique, Part I. Sensor design and performance"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845222490112","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An entropy based classification scheme for land applications of polarimetric SAR"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370861286758307584","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Unfrozen water in the active layer and permafrost and its effects on physical and biological processes"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1109/tgrs.2011.2159843"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-13375190"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::66afe423b6ea5aa31944e4bc60f525e3"}]}