{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004236173208320.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1142/s1230161212500084"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S1230161212500084"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.48550/arxiv.1101.5782"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Who Has Seen a Free Photon?"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p> While the notion of the position of photons is indispensable in quantum optical situations, it has been known in mathematical physics that any position operator cannot be defined for a massless free particle with a non-zero finite spin. This dilemma is resolved by introducing the \"effective mass\" of a photon due to the interaction with matter. The validity of this interpretation is confirmed in reference to the picture of \"polariton\", a basic notion in optical and solid physics. In this connection, we discuss the long-standing controversy between Minkowski's and Abraham's definitions of the momenta of a photon in media from the general viewpoint adopted in the Appendix. </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236173208448","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Izumi Ojima"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236173208449","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hayato Saigo"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526–0829, Japan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"12301612"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"17937191"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Open Systems & Information Dynamics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2012-03","prism:volume":"19","prism:number":"01","prism:startingPage":"1250008"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","url":[{"@id":"https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S1230161212500084"}],"createdAt":"2012-03-15","modifiedAt":"2019-08-06","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Physics%20-%20General%20Physics","dc:title":"Physics - General Physics"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=General%20Physics%20(physics.gen-ph)","dc:title":"General Physics (physics.gen-ph)"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=FOS:%20Physical%20sciences","dc:title":"FOS: Physical sciences"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257172895616","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"24320008"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP24320008"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-24320008/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"計算の哲学―様々な展開に向けて―"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Philosophy of Computation: Towards Various Developements"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231402852480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Local State and Sector Theory in Local Quantum Physics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285706187829632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dressed photons from the viewpoint of photon localization: the entrance to the off-shell science"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285714479418368","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Photon Localization Revisited"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418518629528832","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994867136512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Meaning of non-extensive entropies in Micro-Macro duality"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944147864448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"On the Localizability of Quantum Mechanical Systems"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945586710144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Local Quantum Physics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544418511164288","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Localized States for Elementary Systems"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894337844736","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Resolution of the Abraham-Minkowski Dilemma"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369918486272","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"On the Localizability of Massless Particles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388843340067456","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319068831616","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Atomic Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions in Dense Materials"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204183507456","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Picosecond Time of Flight Measurements of Excitonic Polariton in CuCl"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Picosecond Time of Flight Measurements"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1142/s1230161212500084"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-14526606"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::0c0451059f55ebb4b7c1ac0589c84530"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s11005-016-0841-y_references_DOI_JuTgPtQhohlNmiBjfWi7YOigqft"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s00339-017-1345-z_references_DOI_JuTgPtQhohlNmiBjfWi7YOigqft"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3390/math3030897_references_DOI_JuTgPtQhohlNmiBjfWi7YOigqft"}]}