{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004236402833920.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1159/000380989"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/380989"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"25824404"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Effects of Bergamot (<b><i>Citrus bergamia</i></b> (Risso) Wright &#38; Arn.) Essential Oil Aromatherapy on Mood States, Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity, and Salivary Cortisol Levels in 41 Healthy Females"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is commonly used against psychological stress and anxiety in aromatherapy. The primary aim of the present study was to obtain first clinical evidence for these psychological and physiological effects. A secondary aim was to achieve some fundamental understanding of the relevant pharmacological processes. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Endocrinological, physiological, and psychological effects of BEO vapor inhalation on 41 healthy females were tested using a random crossover study design. Volunteers were exposed to 3 experimental setups (rest (R), rest + water vapor (RW), rest + water vapor + bergamot essential oil (RWB)) for 15 min each. Immediately after each setup, saliva samples were collected and the volunteers rested for 10 min. Subsequently, they completed the Profile of Mood States, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Fatigue Self-Check List. High-frequency (HF) heart rate values, an indicator for parasympathetic nervous system activity, were calculated from heart rate variability values measured both during the 15 min of the experiment and during the subsequent 10 min of rest. Salivary cortisol (CS) levels in the saliva samples were analyzed using ELISA. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CS of all 3 conditions R, RW, and RWB were found to be significantly distinct (p = 0.003). In the subsequent multiple comparison test, the CS value of RWB was significantly lower when compared to the R setup. When comparing the HF values of the RWB setup during the 10 min of rest after the experiment to those of RW, this parameter was significantly increased (p = 0.026) in the RWB setup for which scores for negative emotions and fatigue were also improved. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These results demonstrate that BEO inhaled together with water vapor exerts psychological and physiological effects in a relatively short time.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236402833925","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Eri Watanabe"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236402833921","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kenny Kuchta"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236402833922","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mari Kimura"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236402833923","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hans Wilhelm Rauwald"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236402833920","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tsutomu Kamei"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236402833924","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jiro Imanishi"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"25042092"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"25042106"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Complementary Medicine Research"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"S. Karger AG"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2015","prism:volume":"22","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"43","prism:endingPage":"49"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses","https://www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/380989"}],"createdAt":"2016-03-22","modifiedAt":"2025-04-23","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Adult","dc:title":"Adult"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Aromatherapy","dc:title":"Aromatherapy"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Cross-Over%20Studies","dc:title":"Cross-Over Studies"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Hydrocortisone","dc:title":"Hydrocortisone"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Affect","dc:title":"Affect"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Young%20Adult","dc:title":"Young Adult"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Treatment%20Outcome","dc:title":"Treatment Outcome"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Heart%20Rate","dc:title":"Heart Rate"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Parasympathetic%20Nervous%20System","dc:title":"Parasympathetic Nervous System"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Surveys%20and%20Questionnaires","dc:title":"Surveys and Questionnaires"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Humans","dc:title":"Humans"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Plant%20Oils","dc:title":"Plant Oils"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Female","dc:title":"Female"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Saliva","dc:title":"Saliva"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282256799417472","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"15F15108"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP15F15108"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15F15108/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"天然物医薬品の日独双方向国際展開に資する薬用植物の化学的研究"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050022457828787968","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Continuous inhalation of essential oil increases gray matter volume"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050845760762998016","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Aromatic effects of a Japanese citrus fruit-yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)-on psychoemotional states and autonomic nervous system activity during the menstrual cycle: A single-blind randomized controlled crossover study"},{"@value":"Aromatic effects of a Japanese citrus fruit—yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)—on psychoemotional states and autonomic nervous system activity during the menstrual cycle: a single-blind randomized controlled crossover study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004234472966144","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Does Japanese Citrus Fruit Yuzu (\n                    <i>Citrus junos</i>\n                    Sieb. ex Tanaka) Fragrance Have Lavender-Like Therapeutic Effects That Alleviate Premenstrual Emotional Symptoms? 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