{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004236850960128.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1186/s40494-016-0086-1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s40494-016-0086-1.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s40494-016-0086-1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40494-016-0086-1"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Precipitation of manganese oxides on the surface of construction materials in the Khmer temples, Cambodia"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In addition to the blackening caused by blue-green algae growth, other black areas on the surface of construction materials (e.g., sandstone, laterite and bricks) are frequently observed in the Khmer temples in Cambodia. A non-destructive on-site investigation was carried out using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer (pXRF). In addition, samples were taken from the buildings and were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and were observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results and conclusions</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A non-destructive investigation using the pXRF revealed that this blackening was caused by manganese oxide precipitates. The precipitates contained small amounts of Ni, V, Zn, Y, K, Cl, S, Pb, and Cr. The XRD analysis indicated that the manganese oxides were mainly present as an amorphous phase, but some formed birnessite and todorokite. The manganese precipitates were mostly in a hexagonal plate form (100–300 nm), but some were in a rod-shape, which may have been caused by the activity of manganese oxidizing microbes. Preliminary experiments on removal of manganese oxide precipitates were conducted. The manganese oxide precipitates could be easily removed using a reducing agent such as an oxalic acid solution.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236850960134","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Etsuo Uchida"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236850960000","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ryota Watanabe"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004236850960258","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Satomi Osawa"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20507445"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Heritage Science"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2016-06-27","prism:volume":"4","prism:number":"1"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s40494-016-0086-1.pdf"},{"@id":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s40494-016-0086-1"},{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40494-016-0086-1"}],"createdAt":"2016-06-02","modifiedAt":"2025-02-10","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782239869312","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"25257303"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP25257303"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-25257303/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"アンコール遺跡群における砂岩浮き彫りの包括的な保存修復に関する研究"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Study on the Comprehensive Conservation of the Reliefs in the Bayon Temple of the Angkor Complex"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144184635136","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The manganese- and iron-oxide mineralogy of desert varnish"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285714955973760","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Blackening of the Surfaces of Mesopotamian Clay Tablets Due to Manganese Precipitation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619134404736","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Microbial Origin of Desert Varnish"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570272095616","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Desert Varnish: The Importance of Clay Minerals"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570838109952","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evidence for a biogenic, microorganismal origin of rock varnish from the Gangdese Belt of Tibet"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994252589952","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Structural stability of marine 10 Å manganates from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc: Implication for low-temperature hydrothermal activity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995540373504","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Über Oxidhydroxide des vierwertigen Mangans mit Schichtengitter. 3. Mitteilung. Reduktion von Mangan(III)‐manganat(IV) mit Zimtalkohol"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944762256896","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Construction sequence of the Koh Ker monuments in Cambodia deduced from the chemical composition and magnetic susceptibility of its laterites"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420114580992","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Marine biominerals: perspectives and challenges for polymetallic nodules and crusts"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894778102528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Salt weathering of sandstone at the Angkor monuments, Cambodia: identification of the origins of salts using sulfur and strontium isotopes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895541853952","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Manganese-rich rock varnish does occur in Antarctica"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845546548736","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global occurrence of tellurium-rich ferromanganese crusts and a model for the enrichment of tellurium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388846251038592","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Precipitation of Manganese by Bacteria in Mineral Springs"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951793362086144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Deterioration of stone materials in the Angkor monuments, Cambodia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204550419456","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"1994 compilation values for GSJ reference samples, \"Igneous rock series\"."},{"@value":"1994 compilation values for CSJ reference samples, “Igneous rock series”"},{"@value":"1994 compilation values for GSJ reference samples, “Igneous rock series” (letter)"},{"@value":"compilation values for GSJ reference samples, igneous rock series"},{"@value":"1994 compilation of analytical data for minor and trace elements in seventeen GSJ geochemical reference samples, “igneous rock series”"},{"@value":"994 compilation values for GSJ reference samples, “Igneous rock series”"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206234980608","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The stone materials of the Angkor monuments, Cambodia. The magnetic susceptibility and the orientation of the bedding plane of the sandstone."},{"@language":"ja","@value":"アンコール遺跡（カンボジア）の石材"},{"@value":"The stone materials of the Angkor monuments, Cambodia—The magnetic susceptibility and the orientation of the bedding plane of the sandstone"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681212189824","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The laterites of the Angkor monuments, Cambodia. The grouping of the monuments on the basis of the laterites."},{"@language":"ja","@value":"アンコール遺跡（カンボジア）のラテライト<br>—— ラテライトに基づく遺跡のグループ化 ——"},{"@value":"The laterite of the Angkor monuments, Cambodia. The grouping of the monuments on the basis of the laterites"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40494-016-0086-1"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-20799565"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::993e8b352d14a2543c15a83c4e1e4051"}]}