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Its toxicity arises largely from its chemical and biological components. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (NPAHs) as well as microorganisms. In Africa, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning in urban settings are the major sources of human exposure to PM, yet data on the role of aerosols in disease association in Africa remains scarce. This review is the first to examine studies conducted in Africa on both PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microorganisms associated with PM. These studies demonstrate that PM exposure in Africa exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits and carcinogenic PAHs/NPAHs and pathogenic microorganisms are the major components of PM aerosols. The health impacts of PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microbial loadings in PM are reviewed. This will be important for future epidemiological evaluations and may contribute to the development of effective management strategies to improve ambient air quality in the African continent.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004239489168897","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Egide Kalisa"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"@value":"School of Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 4285, Kigali, Rwanda"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004239489168643","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Stephen Archer"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004239489169025","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Edward Nagato"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004239489168896","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Elias Bizuru"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, P.O. 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