{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142932004352.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2019rg000678"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2019RG000678"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019RG000678"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2019RG000678"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1029/2019RG000678"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019RG000678"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.3929/ethz-b-000439837"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"35999296"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"21.11116/0000-0007-D88E-6"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"21.11116/0000-0007-D890-2"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"20.500.11820/e2d602f2-9400-4ace-82b7-4baefb3a8717"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"20.500.11850/439837"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, characterized by an effective sensitivity <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. This evidence includes feedback process understanding, the historical climate record, and the paleoclimate record. An <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> value lower than 2 K is difficult to reconcile with any of the three lines of evidence. The amount of cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum provides strong evidence against values of <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> greater than 4.5 K. Other lines of evidence in combination also show that this is relatively unlikely. We use a Bayesian approach to produce a probability density function (PDF) for <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> given all the evidence, including tests of robustness to difficult‐to‐quantify uncertainties and different priors. The 66% range is 2.6–3.9 K for our Baseline calculation and remains within 2.3–4.5 K under the robustness tests; corresponding 5–95% ranges are 2.3–4.7 K, bounded by 2.0–5.7 K (although such high‐confidence ranges should be regarded more cautiously). This indicates a stronger constraint on <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> than reported in past assessments, by lifting the low end of the range. This narrowing occurs because the three lines of evidence agree and are judged to be largely independent and because of greater confidence in understanding feedback processes and in combining evidence. We identify promising avenues for further narrowing the range in <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>, in particular using comprehensive models and process understanding to address limitations in the traditional forcing‐feedback paradigm for interpreting past changes.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004361","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. C. Sherwood"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Climate Change Research Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes University of New South Wales Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004356","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. J. Webb"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Met Office Hadley Centre  Exeter UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004357","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. D. Annan"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Blue Skies Research Ltd  Settle UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004365","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. C. Armour"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004485","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. M. Forster"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Priestley International Centre for Climate University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004484","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. C. Hargreaves"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Blue Skies Research Ltd  Settle UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004481","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Hegerl"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004362","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. A. Klein"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"PCMDI‐LLNL  California Berkeley USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004353","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. D. Marvel"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Applied Physics and Applied Math Columbia University  New York NY USA"},{"@value":"NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies  New York NY USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004364","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. J. Rohling"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University  Canberra ACT Australia"},{"@value":"Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004358","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Watanabe"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004490","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Andrews"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Met Office Hadley Centre  Exeter UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004360","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. Braconnot"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, unité mixte CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQ Université Paris‐Saclay  Gif sur Yvette France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004486","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. S. Bretherton"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004355","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. L. Foster"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004352","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Z. Hausfather"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Breakthrough Institute  Oakland CA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380298343140822144","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. S. von der Heydt"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Centre for Complex Systems Science Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004487","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. Knutti"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science  Zurich Switzerland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004480","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Mauritsen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Meteorology Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004354","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. R. Norris"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography  La Jolla CA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004363","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Proistosescu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Geology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign  Urbana IL USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004488","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Rugenstein"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology  Hamburg Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004359","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. A. Schmidt"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies  New York NY USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142932004489","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. B. 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Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010880","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010777","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Southampton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010760","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS) ; University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley) ; University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010890","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010764","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC) ; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010788","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU) ; Stockholm University"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010789","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Utrecht University [Utrecht]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010758","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC) ;  Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology  [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010891","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) ; University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego) ; University of California-University of California"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010783","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana] ; University of Illinois System"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893680966080036364","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Aptel, Florence"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010780","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010752","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010772","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC) ; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology  [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893680966080036373","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"School of Physics UNSW Sydney 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[Exeter]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010881","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Edinburgh"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010792","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392910010889","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 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