{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142940596608.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/jcli-d-12-00834.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article-pdf/26/16/6105/4011196/jcli-d-12-00834_1.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Antarctic Bottom Water Warming and Freshening: Contributions to Sea Level Rise, Ocean Freshwater Budgets, and Global Heat Gain*"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Freshening and warming of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) between the 1980s and 2000s are quantified, assessing the relative contributions of water-mass changes and isotherm heave. The analysis uses highly accurate, full-depth, ship-based, conductivity–temperature–depth measurements taken along repeated oceanographic sections around the Southern Ocean. Fresher varieties of AABW are present within the South Pacific and south Indian Oceans in the 2000s compared to the 1990s, with the strongest freshening in the newest waters adjacent to the Antarctic continental slope and rise indicating a recent shift in the salinity of AABW produced in this region. Bottom waters in the Weddell Sea exhibit significantly less water-mass freshening than those in the other two southern basins. However, a decrease in the volume of the coldest, deepest waters is observed throughout the entire Southern Ocean. This isotherm heave causes a salinification and warming on isobaths from the bottom up to the shallow potential temperature maximum. The water-mass freshening of AABW in the Indian and Pacific Ocean sectors is equivalent to a freshwater flux of 73 ± 26 Gt yr−1, roughly half of the estimated recent mass loss of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Isotherm heave integrated below 2000 m and south of 30°S equates to a net heat uptake of 34 ± 14 TW of excess energy entering the deep ocean from deep volume loss of AABW and 0.37 ± 0.15 mm yr−1 of sea level rise from associated thermal expansion.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142940596609","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sarah G. Purkey"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Oceanography, University of Washington, and NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380011142940596608","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gregory C. Johnson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, and School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"08948755"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15200442"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Climate"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2013-08-06","prism:volume":"26","prism:number":"16","prism:startingPage":"6105","prism:endingPage":"6122"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article-pdf/26/16/6105/4011196/jcli-d-12-00834_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2013-03-04","modifiedAt":"2020-12-07","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050025031479592448","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Widespread freshening in the Seasonal Ice Zone near 140°E off the Adélie Land Coast, Antarctica, from 1994 to 2012"},{"@value":"Widespread freshening in the seasonal ice zone near 140°E off the Adélie/George V Land Coast, Antarctica, from 1994 to 2012"},{"@value":"Widespread freshening in the seasonal ice zone near 140oE off the Adélie Land Coast, Antarctica, from 1994 to 2012"},{"@value":"Widespread freshening in the Seasonal Ice Zone near 140°E off the Adelie Land Coast, Antarctica, from 1994 to 2012"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050306506451568896","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water Off Cape Darnley, East Antarctica"},{"@value":"Freshening of antarctic bottom wate off cape darnley, East Antarctica"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004229803475456","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"On the 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