{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360016870448596608.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1136/bmj-2021-069761"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://data.bmj.org/tdm/10.1136/bmj-2021-069761"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1136/bmj-2021-069761"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Clinical severity of, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, covid-19 from omicron, delta, and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: prospective observational study"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the clinical severity of covid-19 associated with the alpha, delta, and omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants among adults admitted to hospital and to compare the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines to prevent hospital admissions related to each variant.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>21 hospitals across the United States.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>11 690 adults (≥18 years) admitted to hospital: 5728 with covid-19 (cases) and 5962 without covid-19 (controls). Patients were classified into SARS-CoV-2 variant groups based on viral whole genome sequencing, and, if sequencing did not reveal a lineage, by the predominant circulating variant at the time of hospital admission: alpha (11 March to 3 July 2021), delta (4 July to 25 December 2021), and omicron (26 December 2021 to 14 January 2022).</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccine effectiveness calculated using a test negative design for mRNA vaccines to prevent covid-19 related hospital admissions by each variant (alpha, delta, omicron). Among patients admitted to hospital with covid-19, disease severity on the World Health Organization’s clinical progression scale was compared among variants using proportional odds regression.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effectiveness of the mRNA vaccines to prevent covid-19 associated hospital admissions was 85% (95% confidence interval 82% to 88%) for two vaccine doses against the alpha variant, 85% (83% to 87%) for two doses against the delta variant, 94% (92% to 95%) for three doses against the delta variant, 65% (51% to 75%) for two doses against the omicron variant; and 86% (77% to 91%) for three doses against the omicron variant. In-hospital mortality was 7.6% (81/1060) for alpha, 12.2% (461/3788) for delta, and 7.1% (40/565) for omicron. Among unvaccinated patients with covid-19 admitted to hospital, severity on the WHO clinical progression scale was higher for the delta versus alpha variant (adjusted proportional odds ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.46), and lower for the omicron versus delta variant (0.61, 0.49 to 0.77). Compared with unvaccinated patients, severity was lower for vaccinated patients for each variant, including alpha (adjusted proportional odds ratio 0.33, 0.23 to 0.49), delta (0.44, 0.37 to 0.51), and omicron (0.61, 0.44 to 0.85).</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>mRNA vaccines were found to be highly effective in preventing covid-19 associated hospital admissions related to the alpha, delta, and omicron variants, but three vaccine doses were required to achieve protection against omicron similar to the protection that two doses provided against the delta and alpha variants. Among adults admitted to hospital with covid-19, the omicron variant was associated with less severe disease than the delta variant but still resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality. Vaccinated patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 had significantly lower disease severity than unvaccinated patients for all the variants.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596648","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Adam S Lauring"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596637","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mark W Tenforde"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, GA, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596655","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"James D Chappell"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596656","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Manjusha Gaglani"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596741","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Adit A Ginde"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596658","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tresa McNeal"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596609","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shekhar Ghamande"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596615","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David J Douin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596736","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"H Keipp Talbot"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596742","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jonathan D Casey"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596612","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nicholas M Mohr"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596644","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Anne Zepeski"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596647","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nathan I Shapiro"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596738","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kevin W Gibbs"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596631","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D Clark Files"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596649","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David N Hager"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596740","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Arber Shehu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596623","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Matthew E Prekker"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA"},{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596641","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Heidi L Erickson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596653","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Matthew C Exline"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596616","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Michelle N Gong"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596622","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Amira Mohamed"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596608","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nicholas J Johnson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"@value":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596610","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Vasisht Srinivasan"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596739","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jay S Steingrub"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596642","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ithan D Peltan"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596613","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Samuel M Brown"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596625","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Emily T Martin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380016870448596643","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Arnold S Monto"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 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