{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391866548096.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.3390/app13169182"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/16/9182/pdf"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Evaluation of Lens Doses among Medical Staff Involved in Nuclear Medicine: Current Eye Radiation Exposure among Nuclear-Medicine Staff"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>The International Commission on Radiological Protection has lowered the annual equivalent eye-lens dose to 20 mSv. Although occupational exposure can be high in nuclear medicine (NM) departments, few studies have been conducted regarding eye-lens exposure among NM staff. This study aimed to estimate the annual lens doses of staff in an NM department and identify factors contributing to lens exposure. Four nurses and six radiographers performing positron emission tomography (PET) examinations and four radiographers performing radioisotope (RI) examinations (excluding PET) were recruited for this study. A lens dosimeter was attached near the left eye to measure the 3-mm-dose equivalent; a personal dosimeter was attached to the left side of the neck to measure the 1-cm- and 70-µm-dose equivalents. Measurements were acquired over six months, and the cumulative lens dose was doubled to derive the annual dose. Correlations between the lens and personal-dosimeter doses, between the lens dose and the numbers of procedures, and between the lens dose and the amounts of PET drugs (radiopharmaceuticals) injected were examined. Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used to compare lens and personal-dosimeter doses. The estimated annual doses were 0.93 ± 0.13 mSv for PET nurses, 0.71 ± 0.41 mSv for PET radiographers, and 1.10 ± 0.53 mSv for RI radiographers. For PET nurses, but not for PET or RI radiographers, there was a positive correlation between the numbers of procedures and lens doses and between amounts injected and lens doses. There was a significant difference between the lens and personal-dosimeter doses of PET nurses. The use of protective measures, such as shielding, should prevent NM staff from receiving lens doses > 20 mSv/year. However, depending on the height of the protective shield, PET nurses may be unable to assess the lens dose accurately using personal dosimeters.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866547968","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masaki Fujisawa"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"@value":"Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420001326206585600","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"10771488"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000010771488"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414491760"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoshihiro Haga"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"@value":"Department of Radiology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai 980-0873, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866548236","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masahiro Sota"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"@value":"Department of Radiology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai 980-0873, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866548227","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mitsuya Abe"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Radiology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai 980-0873, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866548111","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yuji Kaga"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Radiology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai 980-0873, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420845751143231104","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"70704667"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000070704667"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000006556559"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414104794"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410970636"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000325827002"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414491765"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000409993131"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000413507278"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000412383520"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411396045"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000413751498"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414374834"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000409334114"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/7000005489"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yohei Inaba"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"@value":"Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866547973","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masatoshi Suzuki"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"@value":"Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866548224","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Taiichiro Meguro"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai 980-0873, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866548247","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoshio Hosoi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391866548228","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Koichi Chida"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"@value":"Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20763417"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Applied Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"MDPI AG"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2023-08-12","prism:volume":"13","prism:number":"16","prism:startingPage":"9182"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/16/9182/pdf"}],"createdAt":"2023-08-14","modifiedAt":"2025-10-10","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Technology","dc:title":"Technology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QH301-705.5","dc:title":"QH301-705.5"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=T","dc:title":"T"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Physics","dc:title":"Physics"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QC1-999","dc:title":"QC1-999"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=single-photon%20emission%20computed%20tomography%20(SPECT)","dc:title":"single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=eye-lens%20dose","dc:title":"eye-lens dose"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Engineering%20(General).%20Civil%20engineering%20(General)","dc:title":"Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Chemistry","dc:title":"Chemistry"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=radioisotope%20(RI)%20examination","dc:title":"radioisotope (RI) examination"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=radiation%20protection%20and%20safety","dc:title":"radiation protection and safety"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=nuclear%20medicine","dc:title":"nuclear medicine"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=positron%20emission%20tomography%20(PET)","dc:title":"positron emission tomography (PET)"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=radiation%20protection%20and%20safety;%20nuclear%20medicine;%20positron%20emission%20tomography%20(PET);%20radioisotope%20(RI)%20examination;%20single-photon%20emission%20computed%20tomography%20(SPECT);%20eye-lens%20dose;%20nurse;%20occupational%20radiation%20exposure;%20radiographer;%20disaster%20medicine","dc:title":"radiation protection and safety; nuclear medicine; positron emission tomography (PET); radioisotope (RI) examination; single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); eye-lens dose; nurse; occupational radiation exposure; radiographer; disaster medicine"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=TA1-2040","dc:title":"TA1-2040"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Biology%20(General)","dc:title":"Biology (General)"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QD1-999","dc:title":"QD1-999"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782021274880","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"19K12860"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP19K12860"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-19K12860/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"水晶体被曝を可視化する医療用ウェアラブル防護デバイスの開発"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Development of a wearable medical protective device that visualizes eye lens exposure"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040003825728214912","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"20K16686"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP20K16686"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-20K16686/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"気管支鏡に従事する医療従事者の水晶体被ばく管理と放射線防護に関する研究"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Review dose control methods of occupational eye dose in bronchoscopy and development of eye protector"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040014327100371584","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"23K14911"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP23K14911"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23K14911/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"末梢血管カテーテル治療に従事する医療従事者の被ばく要因分析と防護方法に関する研究"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172370378752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Monte Carlo study of the scattered radiation field near the eyes of the operator in interventional procedures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172576721792","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Eye lens radiation exposure of the medical staff performing interventional urology procedures with an over-couch X-ray tube"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360016870096844544","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Radiation doses to the eye lenses of radiologic technologists who assist patients undergoing computed tomography"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017286002191872","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Operator’s eye lens dose in computed tomography–guided interventions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017288157856512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Development of a New Radiation Shield for the Face and Neck of IVR Physicians"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021392655333248","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Calculating equivalent dose received from a patient undergoing nuclear medicine procedure by merge phantoms tool and GAMOS/Geant4 6.0.0 software"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021392655842816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation and optimization of occupational eye lens dosimetry during positron emission tomography (PET) procedures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021392655993088","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"OCCUPATIONAL DOSE ASSESSMENT IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY IN SERBIA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021393308353664","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"DOSE MEASUREMENTS TO THE LENS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND IN FLUOROSCOPY-GUIDED INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR ANTI-X"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021393308354688","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"EYE LENS DOSES IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE: A MULTICENTRIC STUDY IN BELGIUM AND POLAND"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021393308403200","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Occupational radiation exposure to the lens of the eye in interventional radiology"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021396520955264","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Occupational Doses to Medical Staff Performing or Assisting with                    Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional Procedures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285709386628352","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Fundamental study of a real-time occupational dosimetry system for interventional radiology staff"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285709734983680","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE OF THE EYE IN NEUROVASCULAR INTERVENTIONAL PHYSICIAN"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285712079605632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses for common computed tomography examinations: Results from the Japanese nationwide dose survey"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360290617586071680","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Radiation eye dose to medical staff during respiratory endoscopy under X-ray fluoroscopy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294643855970048","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Radiation protection education using virtual reality for the visualisation of scattered distributions during radiological examinations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298755649107072","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of a New Real-Time Dosimeter Sensor for Interventional Radiology Staff"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302871323478528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Monte Carlo simulations of ceiling scatter in nuclear medicine: <sup>99m</sup>Tc, <sup>131</sup>I and <sup>18</sup>F"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302871323762560","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Eye lens dosimetry in anesthesiology: a prospective study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302871324661120","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ESTIMATION OF HP(3) AMONG STAFF MEMBERS IN TWO NUCLEAR MEDICINE UNITS IN FINLAND"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302871324662656","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ASSESSMENT OF WHOLE BODY, SKIN AND EYE LENS DOSES OF THE INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGISTS AT SELECTED HOSPITALS IN IRAN"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360306504331202688","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Comparison of shielding effects of over-glasses-type and regular eyewear in terms of occupational eye dose reduction"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567184592981248","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effectiveness of additional lead shielding to protect staff from scattering radiation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360568466091893248","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Time-related study on external exposure dose of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose PET for workers’ safety"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118721290368","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Occupational Radiation Dose to Eye Lenses in CT-Guided Interventions Using MDCT-Fluoroscopy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118767118848","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Occupational Radiation Dose, Especially for Eye Lens: Hp(3), in Medical Staff Members Involved in Computed Tomography Examinations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118769586944","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Non-Lead Protective Aprons for the Protection of Interventional Radiology Physicians from Radiation Exposure in Clinical Settings: An Initial Study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360579816888994048","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"EYE LENS DOSIMETRY FOR FLUOROSCOPICALLY GUIDED CLINICAL PROCEDURES: PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO PROTECTION AND DOSE MONITORING"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360580239595370112","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Is eye lens dosimetry needed in nuclear medicine?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584340519634816","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Occupational radiation exposure to the lens of the eyes and its protection during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584346480428800","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Monitoring the eye lens: which dose quantity is adequate?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584346480547712","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"MEASUREMENT OF OPERATIONAL DOSIMETRY QUANTITIES FOR NUCLEAR MEDICINE STAFF"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584346480548480","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Assessment of eye lens doses for workers during interventional radiology procedures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360587979307486080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of radiation dose to the lens in interventional cardiology physicians before and after dose limit regulation changes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360588379366645632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Comparison of radiation-shielding curtains for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography staff"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848658406946944","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Occupational eye dose in interventional cardiology procedures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567395644544","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of novel X-ray protective eyewear in reducing the eye dose to interventional radiology physicians"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857597742125824","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The new lens dose limit: implication for occupational radiation protection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861295472141184","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"What are useful methods to reduce occupational radiation exposure among radiological medical workers, especially for interventional radiology 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