{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391872600320.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2021jd036419"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2021JD036419"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Modeling Water Isotopes Using a Global Non‐Hydrostatic Model With an Explicit Convection: Comparison With Gridded Data Sets and Site Observations"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we developed a global cloud system‐resolving model (GCSRM) incorporating stable water isotopes (NICAM‐WISO). Using a single‐moment cloud microphysics scheme, we applied the new model to conduct a current climate simulation at a horizontal resolution of 56 km. NICAM‐WISO simulated the seasonal means of the atmospheric hydrological cycle, as well as water isotopic ratios of precipitation and vapor. The model captured the general features of precipitation isotope effects and its spatial correlations were comparable to those of other isotope‐incorporated global atmospheric models. The model showed better spatial correlation between simulated and observed values for a fine‐horizontal‐resolution (14 km) simulation compared to coarse‐horizontal‐resolution (56 km) simulation. However, the model had isotopic biases in tropical mid‐troposphere, ocean, and cold continental regions. A comparison of stable water isotopes between the simulation and observations offered clues for improving the model. For example, in the tropical mid‐troposphere, we found a negative bias in the mixing ratio and isotopic ratio of water vapor. Our analysis using satellite retrievals revealed that these underestimations were caused by weak mixing with the boundary layer vapor and low raindrop evaporation with a small evaporation fraction. The underestimations indicated weak shallow convective mixing in the model, inducing negative bias in the mixing ratio and isotopic ratio of the mid‐tropospheric vapor. These biases were also seen in the fine horizontal‐resolution simulation. Furthermore, we conducted several km‐scale atmospheric isotope circulation simulations using NICAM‐WISO. We expect that global‐scale fine‐horizontal‐resolution simulations using isotope‐incorporated GCSRMs will improve our understanding of the atmospheric hydrological cycle.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391872600323","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masahiro Tanoue"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Meteorological Research Institute Japan Meteorological Agency  Tsukuba Japan"},{"@value":"National Institute for Environmental Studies  Tsukuba Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391872600324","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hisashi Yashiro"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Institute for Environmental Studies  Tsukuba Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391872600449","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yuki Takano"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo  Kashiwa Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391872600322","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kei Yoshimura"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo  Kashiwa Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391872600320","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chihiro Kodama"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology  Yokohama Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380021391872600448","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masaki Satoh"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo  Kashiwa Japan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"2169897X"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"21698996"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2023-12-06","prism:volume":"128","prism:number":"23"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2021JD036419"}],"createdAt":"2023-12-06","modifiedAt":"2024-05-09","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040573407564713088","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22H04938"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22H04938"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22H04938/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"ミレニアム大気再解析プロダクトの創出"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Generation of Millennium Atmospheric Reanalysis Product"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040577277052142464","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"23K11398"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP23K11398"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23K11398/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"物理・仮想トレーサー同時データ同化による線状降水帯の水蒸気起源の推定"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Estimation of vapor source regions in Quasi-Stationary Convective Bands by simultaneous data assimilation of physical and virtual tracers"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360001114214430976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ISOLESC: A Coupled Isotope‐LSM‐LES‐Cloud Modeling System to Investigate the Water Budget in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004229803794176","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Vertical grid spacing necessary for simulating tropical cirrus clouds with a high‐resolution atmospheric general circulation model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233289152512","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Comparison of an isotopic atmospheric general circulation model with new quasi-global satellite measurements of water vapor isotopologues"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004236558218496","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Improvement of a Cloud Microphysics Scheme for a Global Nonhydrostatic Model Using TRMM and a Satellite Simulator"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142459319936","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model for CMIP6 HighResMIP simulations (NICAM16-S): experimental design, model description, and impacts of model updates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142930420608","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in the Tropics Simulated in a Global Cloud-Resolving Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142933994112","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Madden-Julian Oscillation Event Realistically Simulated by a Global Cloud-Resolving Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142935298688","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A new dynamical framework of nonhydrostatic global model using the icosahedral grid"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142935358592","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142937350144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979–Present)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142940931072","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A k-distribution-based radiation code and its computational optimization for an atmospheric general circulation model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144325691648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dynamic Processes Governing Lower-Tropospheric HDO/H\n            <sub>2</sub>\n            O Ratios as Observed from Space and Ground"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144696917888","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Fractionnement en oxygène 18 et en deutérium entre l’eau et sa vapeur"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145240522496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"MJO simulation in CMIP5 climate models: MJO skill metrics and process-oriented diagnosis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146091359360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable isotopes in global precipitation: A unified interpretation based on atmospheric moisture residence time"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146330269952","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Molecular diffusivities of H2 16O, HD16O, and H2 18O in gases"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146483031168","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer observations of the tropospheric HDO/H<sub>2</sub>O ratio: Estimation approach and characterization"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021393309828480","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Nonequilibrium Fractionation During Ice Cloud Formation in iCAM5: Evaluating the Common Parameterization of Supersaturation as a Linear Function of Temperature"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021393310074624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Laboratory measurements of HDO/H<sub>2</sub>O isotopic fractionation during ice deposition in simulated cirrus clouds"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021396529431296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"What Controls the Water Vapor Isotopic Composition Near the Surface of Tropical Oceans? Results From an Analytical Model Constrained by Large‐Eddy Simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021396529432448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Tracking Shallow Convective Mixing and Its Influence on Low‐Level Clouds With Stable Water Isotopes in Vapor"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360282588972125440","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable isotope composition of precipitation over southeast Asia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360282589191280768","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Isotope Hydrology"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617913239936","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of Precipitating Hydrometeor Parameterizations in a Single-Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme for Deep Convective Systems over the Tropical Central Pacific"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617915184384","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An Improved Mellor–Yamada Level-3 Model: Its Numerical Stability and Application to a Regional Prediction of Advection Fog"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618647515648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of postcondensation exchange on the isotopic composition of water in the atmosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292621326205184","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302867635574912","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ISLSCP II FASIR-ADJUSTED NDVI, 1982-1998"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302867635676160","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"From climatological to small-scale applications: simulating water isotopologues with ICON-ART-Iso (version 2.3)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302871325253632","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Microphysical controls on the isotopic composition of wintertime orographic precipitation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302871326259072","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Convective‐To‐Total Precipitation Ratio and the “Drizzling” Bias in Climate Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302871326852224","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Differing Impacts of Resolution Changes in Latitude and Longitude on the Midlatitudes in the LMDZ Atmospheric GCM"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565166660747648","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Historical isotope simulation using Reanalysis atmospheric data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567179762310144","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Estimation of the Isotopic Composition and Origins of Winter Precipitation Over Japan Using a Regional Isotope Circulation Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574092886054528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574092886897152","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Importance of the subgrid-scale turbulent moist process: Cloud distribution in global cloud-resolving simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574092891560448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094509912704","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Impact of Parameterized Convection on Climatological Precipitation in Atmospheric Global Climate Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095136499328","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A general circulation model of water isotope cycles in the atmosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576122131999232","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluating hydrological processes in the <scp>C</scp>ommunity <scp>A</scp>tmosphere <scp>M</scp>odel <scp>V</scp>ersion 5 (<scp>C</scp>AM5) using stable isotope ratios of water"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848654732974080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Observation system simulation experiments using water vapor isotope information"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848658219253888","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interannual variability of H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O in precipitation over the Asian monsoon region"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567635628416","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Potential of Mid‐tropospheric Water Vapor Isotopes to Improve Large‐Scale Circulation and Weather Predictability"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567860546816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Effect of Orographically Excited Gravity Wave Drag on the General Circulation of the Lower Stratosphere and Troposphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567863731200","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) for global cloud resolving simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567863853824","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Isotopic Patterns in Modern Global Precipitation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567864188544","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Physics-Based Parameterization of Air–Sea Momentum Flux at High Wind Speeds and Its Impact on Hurricane Intensity Predictions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855567870994304","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global Cloud-Resolving Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568736209152","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable isotopes in precipitation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569097792768","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Tropospheric water vapor, convection, and climate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569990172672","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (<i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O and <i>δ</i>D) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 2. Physical interpretation of the amount effect"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044650940928","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable water isotopes and large‐scale vertical motions in the tropics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045882209920","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Clustering mesoscale convective systems with laser‐based water vapor <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O monitoring in Niamey (Niger)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519240584576","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519665726336","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"“Amount effect” of water isotopes and quantitative analysis of post‐condensation processes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519836811392","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The isotopic composition of precipitation from a winter storm –  a case study with the limited-area model COSMO\n                    <sub>iso</sub>"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995490651648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model: Toward high-resolution isotope modeling on a global scale"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995538696704","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Contributions of evaporation, isotopic non‐steady state transpiration and atmospheric mixing on the <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O of water vapour in Pacific Northwest coniferous forests"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981471197511040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Role of deep convection in establishing the isotopic composition of water vapor in the tropical transition layer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943812392832","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Pairing Measurements of the Water Vapor Isotope Ratio with Humidity to Deduce Atmospheric Moistening and Dehydration in the Tropical Midtroposphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944544963584","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Role of Convective Moistening in the Madden–Julian Oscillation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944908934912","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"18O depletion in monsoon rain relates to large scale organized convection rather than the amount of rainfall"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945607399040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Process-Oriented MJO Simulation Diagnostic: Moisture Sensitivity of Simulated Convection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945925003904","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Water‐stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present‐day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretations of tropical isotopic records"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544418923355648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modelling and interpreting the isotopic composition of water vapour in convective updrafts"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419084842496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (<i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O and <i>δ</i>D) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 1. Radiative‐convective equilibrium and Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere–Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA‐COARE) simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420171879296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Importance of rain evaporation and continental convection in the tropical water cycle"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420761156224","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium‐oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893312647040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Isotopic model, including mixed cloud processes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893988288768","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Isotopic composition of water in the tropical tropopause layer in cloud‐resolving simulations of an idealized tropical circulation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894302069248","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Iso-MATSIRO, a land surface model that incorporates stable water isotopes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894402639104","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Fractionnement en 180 entre la glace et la vapeur d’eau"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894458410496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable Isotopes as Validation Tools for Global Climate Model Predictions of the Impact of Amazonian Deforestation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895521400448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Review of Antarctic Surface Snow Isotopic Composition: Observations, Atmospheric Circulation, and Isotopic Modeling*"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369084053632","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Footprint analysis using event‐based isotope data for identifying source area of precipitated water"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107370942130560","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Observational Evidence for Relationships between the Degree of Aggregation of Deep Convection, Water Vapor, Surface Fluxes, and Radiation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388846081421312","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling waterdrops: Applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318231704960","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318299660288","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"D/H isotope ratios in the global hydrologic cycle"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318877322752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951793173473664","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stable water isotopes in atmospheric general circulation models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951793202921600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Recycling of water in the Amazon Basin: An isotopic study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951793661541376","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Temporal variations of the <sup>18</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O signal of the whole‐canopy transpiration in a temperate forest"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794418489856","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Origin and recycling processes of precipitating water over the Eurasian continent: Experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370017279847990926","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present (version 04072024)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681480687744","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"New Microphysical Schemes with Five and Six Categories by Diagnostic Generation of Cloud Ice"},{"@value":"New Microphysical Schemes with Five and Six Categories by Diagnostic Generation of Cloud Ice(<Special Issue>The International Workshop on High-Resolution and Cloud Modeling, 2006)"},{"@value":"New microphysics schemes with five and six categories by diagnostic generation of cloud ice"},{"@value":"New microphysics with five and six categories with diagnostic generation of cloud ice"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681481473792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A 20-Year Climatology of a NICAM AMIP-Type Simulation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570291224318738176","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A world soil file for global climate modeling."},{"@value":"A world soil file for global climate modelling"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050870367065767168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Seasonal variation in isotopic composition and the origin of precipitation over Bangladesh"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842089639168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model : description and development"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051996266975406976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"DYAMOND : the DYnamics of the Atmospheric general circulation Modeled On Non-hydrostatic Domains"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2021jd036419"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-24977140"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-25345121"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_________::64b6ee4111d5fa03570a9374268e0744"}]}