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Aerosol–cloud interactions are one of the most uncertain processes in climate models due to their nonlinear complexity. A key complexity arises from the possibility that clouds can respond to perturbed aerosols in two opposite ways, as characterized by the traditional \"cloud lifetime\" hypothesis and more recent \"buffered system\" hypothesis. Their importance in climate simulations remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the response of the liquid water path (LWP) to aerosol perturbations for warm clouds from the perspective of general circulation model (GCM) and A-Train remote sensing, through process-oriented model evaluations. A systematic difference is found in the LWP response between the model results and observations. The model results indicate a near-global uniform increase of LWP with increasing aerosol loading, while the sign of the response of the LWP from the A-Train varies from region to region. The satellite-observed response of the LWP is closely related to meteorological/macrophysical factors, in addition to the microphysics. The model does not reproduce this variability of cloud susceptibility (i.e., sensitivity of LWP to perturbed aerosols) because the parameterization of the autoconversion process assumes only suppression of rain formation in response to increased cloud droplet number, and does not consider macrophysical aspects that serve as a mechanism for the negative responses of the LWP via enhancements of evaporation and precipitation. Model biases are also found in the precipitation microphysics, which suggests that the model generates rainwater readily even when little cloud water is present. This essentially causes projections of unrealistically frequent and light rain, with high cloud susceptibilities to aerosol perturbations.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380022305565735555","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Takuro Michibata"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380022305565735552","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kentaroh Suzuki"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380022305565735553","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yousuke Sato"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420845751156118784","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"90343326"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000090343326"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404193"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405082"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479149"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479528"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000344123014"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363502358"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406878"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406296"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406415"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363493067"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417504"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283593322"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410584"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410833"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405139"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409155"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408436"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406875"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481172"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363478836"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257767266"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000388484680"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481733"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404986"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407468"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408077"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407263"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406298"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000341542740"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411074901"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411788"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283593699"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000255325198"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363400495"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363411166"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409499"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405147"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000356904374"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000003741091"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407209"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406530"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480792"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480213"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000241861833"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402801397"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000241474050"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363499813"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000018428454"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363403707"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407467"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417565"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363480104"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410470191"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417580"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479959"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481243"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409442"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409716"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405953"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406450"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000341542705"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000341542736"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000341093265"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411001579"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479898"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363404230"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410061"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408001"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406172"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479281"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479140"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479540"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479553"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410623"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410592"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000364841469"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409472"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405419"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000341542721"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417533"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405151"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363407870"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408739"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000341542745"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417683"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481353"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000389566486"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363478843"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479393"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411006836"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283593713"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257827947"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363481788"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410158"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409734"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406496"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406203"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417410"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363479133"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398635550"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000241866450"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363405528"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409804"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363408585"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000330332133"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411802837"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363478787"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000283257745"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000019108253"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363410060"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363409027"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363406876"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417488"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367417585"},{"@type":"NRID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Takemura"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"16807324"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Copernicus GmbH"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2016-09-21","prism:volume":"16","prism:number":"23","prism:startingPage":"15413","prism:endingPage":"15424"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-831/acp-2016-831.pdf"},{"@id":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/16/15413/2016/acp-16-15413-2016.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2016-09-21","modifiedAt":"2025-02-08","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Chemistry","dc:title":"Chemistry"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Physics","dc:title":"Physics"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QC1-999","dc:title":"QC1-999"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QD1-999","dc:title":"QD1-999"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000781855562368","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"15K12190"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP15K12190"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15K12190/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"気候モデルに適用する新しい雲・降水成長スキームの開発"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Development of new cloud and precipitation growth scheme to be applied to the climate model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282256813251712","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"15J05544"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP15J05544"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15J05544/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"衛星観測データのシナジー解析を活用した次世代型気候モデルの構築および改良"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001339107108224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Global cloud-system-resolving simulation of aerosol effect on warm clouds"},{"@value":"Global cloud‐system‐resolving simulation of aerosol effect on warm clouds"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001339107225344","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A study of the direct and indirect effects of aerosols using global satellite data sets of aerosol and cloud parameters"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050005822287254272","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Assessing the impact of the Kuroshio Current on vertical cloud structure using CloudSat data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282814083936640","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport‐radiation model"},{"@value":"Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model"},{"@value":"Simulation of climate responses to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model"},{"@value":"Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effect with aerosol transport-radiation model"},{"@value":"Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050564289060625408","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Single-Scattering Albedo and Radiative Forcing of Various Aerosol Species with a Global Three-Dimensional Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050564289060626816","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Global three-dimensional simulation of aerosol optical thickness distribution of various origins"},{"@value":"Global three‐dimensional simulation of aerosol optical thickness distribution of various origins"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050576811656361600","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Too Frequent and Too Light Arctic Snowfall With Incorrect Precipitation Phase Partitioning in the MIROC6 GCM"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002214351667072","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Multimodel Study on Warm Precipitation Biases in Global Models Compared to Satellite Observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004240196293248","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Description and basic evaluation of simulated mean state, internal variability, and climate sensitivity in 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