{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360023720970200320.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/gmd-17-5167-2024"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/17/5167/2024/gmd-17-5167-2024.pdf"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Simulation of marine stratocumulus using the super-droplet method: numerical convergence and comparison to a double-moment bulk scheme using SCALE-SDM 5.2.6-2.3.1"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Abstract. The super-droplet method (SDM) is a Lagrangian particle-based numerical scheme for cloud microphysics. In this work, a series of simulations based on the DYCOMS-II (RF02) setup with different horizontal and vertical resolutions are conducted to explore the grid convergence of the SDM simulations of marine stratocumulus. The results are compared with the double-moment bulk scheme (SN14) and model intercomparison project (MIP) results. In general, all SDM and SN14 variables show a good agreement with the MIP results and have similar grid size dependencies. The stratocumulus simulation is more sensitive to the vertical resolution than to the horizontal resolution. The vertical grid length DZ ≪ 2.5 m is necessary for both SDM and SN14. The horizontal grid length DX < 12.5 m is necessary for the SDM simulations. DX ≤ 25 m is sufficient for SN14. We also assess the numerical convergence with respect to the super-droplet numbers. The simulations are well converged when the super-droplet number concentration (SDNC) is larger than 16 super-droplets per cell. Our results indicate that the super-droplet number per grid cell is more critical than that per unit volume at least for the stratocumulus case investigated here. Our comprehensive analysis not only offers guidance on numerical settings essential for accurate stratocumulus cloud simulation but also underscores significant differences in liquid water content and cloud macrostructure between SDM and SN14. These differences are attributed to the inherent modeling strategies of the two schemes. SDM's dynamic representation of aerosol size distribution through wet deposition markedly contrasts with SN14's static approach, influencing cloud structure and behavior over a 6 h simulation. Findings reveal sedimentation's crucial role in altering aerosol distributions near cloud tops, affecting the vertical profile of cloud fraction (CF). Additionally, the study briefly addresses numerical diffusion's potential effects, suggesting further investigation is needed. The results underscore the importance of accurate aerosol modeling and its interactions with cloud processes in marine stratocumulus simulations, pointing to future research directions for enhancing stratocumulus modeling accuracy and predictive capabilities.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380023720970200321","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chongzhi Yin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380023720970200322","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shin-ichiro Shima"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380023720970200320","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Lulin Xue"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380023720970200323","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chunsong Lu"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"19919603"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Geoscientific Model Development"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Copernicus GmbH"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2024-07-05","prism:volume":"17","prism:number":"13","prism:startingPage":"5167","prism:endingPage":"5189"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/17/5167/2024/gmd-17-5167-2024.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2024-07-05","modifiedAt":"2024-07-05","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040014327101522176","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"23H00149"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP23H00149"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23H00149/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"超水滴法で迫る雲降水システムの粒子レベルからの理解"},{"@language":"en","@value":"From Particles to Precipitation: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Cloud Systems with the Super-Droplet Method"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040285300694284928","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"20H00225"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP20H00225"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-20H00225/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"雲乱流における混合輸送現象と雲マイクロ物理過程の大規模数値計算による解明"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Study on cloud turbulent mixing and cloud microphysical processes by large scale numerical simulation"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004229947569280","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A grid refinement study of trade wind cumuli simulated by a Lagrangian cloud microphysical model: the super‐droplet method"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011143929113984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Time-Splitting Methods for Elastic Models Using Forward Time Schemes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144982996608","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Large-Eddy Simulations of a Drizzling, Stratocumulus-Topped Marine Boundary Layer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145075523200","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Spectral (Bin) Microphysics Coupled with a Mesoscale Model (MM5). 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