{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285706358554368.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4/fulltext.html"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Trends in pCO2 and sea–air CO2 flux over the global open oceans for the last two decades"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"To date, millions of data for partial pressure of carbon dioxide in surface seawater (pCO2s) have been acquired from global oceans. However, pCO2s varies extremely both in space and time, and it is still necessary to fill in its spatiotemporal gaps to evaluate the changes in sea–air CO2 flux from regional to global scales. In the present study, we have analyzed the rates of pCO2s increase for the past decades, ranging from +1.21 µatm year−1 in the western equatorial Pacific to +2.00 µatm year−1 in the Southern Ocean, and developed algorithms to reconstruct global monthly pCO2s fields based on a quality-controlled database, Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2. The error of pCO2s algorithms is ±16.3 µatm. The mean annual global sea–air CO2 flux for the years 1990–2012 was estimated to be −1.76 PgC year−1 (contemporary flux; a negative value indicates oceanic uptake). The uncertainty in this estimate is calculated to be 0.77 PgC year−1 (44 %), i.e., 0.09 PgC year−1 from our empirical method to interpolate/extrapolate pCO2s, and 0.67 PgC year−1 from determination of the rates of pCO2s increase and the rest from gas transfer processes including wind speed (0.26 PgC year−1) and a scaling factor of piston velocity (0.26 PgC year−1). The decadal mean CO2 flux showed a trend toward increasing uptake from −1.67 PgC year−1 for 1990–1999 to −1.92 PgC year−1 for 2003–2012, due to growing uptake in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. However, these estimates of CO2 flux are sensitive to the rates of pCO2s increase used to constrain the long-term pCO2s change for each sub-region."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380285706358554116","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yosuke Iida"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380285706358554373","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Atsushi Kojima"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380285706358554627","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yusuke Takatani"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380285706358554499","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Toshiya Nakano"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380285706358554504","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hiroyuki Sugimoto"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380285706358554254","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Takashi Midorikawa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380285706358554507","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masao Ishii"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"09168370"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"1573868X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Oceanography"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2015-07-09","prism:volume":"71","prism:number":"6","prism:startingPage":"637","prism:endingPage":"661"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://www.springer.com/tdm"],"url":[{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4.pdf"},{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4/fulltext.html"},{"@id":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4"}],"createdAt":"2015-07-08","modifiedAt":"2019-05-31","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782191265024","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"24121003"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP24121003"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PLANNED-24121003/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"海洋生元素地理の高精度観測からの新海洋区系"},{"@language":"en","@value":"New Ocean Provinces from the Geography of Biogenic Elements"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050025031480698112","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Recent deceleration of oceanic pCO2 increase in the western North Pacific in winter"},{"@value":"Recent deceleration of oceanic <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> increase in the western North Pacific in winter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050025031483789184","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Spatial variability and decadal trend of the oceanic CO2 in the western equatorial Pacific warm/fresh water"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142931464448","@type":"Article","resourceType":"preprint","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model\n(NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0): 2. 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Barents Sea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895079174400","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Carbon dioxide fluxes in the Benguela upwelling system during winter and spring: A comparison between 2005 and 2006"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825896270012160","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sea–air CO\n                    <sub>2</sub>\n                    fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the period 1990–2009"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107370068841088","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interannual sea–air CO\n                    <sub>2</sub>\n                    flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844394301824","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sea Surface and Atmospheric fCO2 data measured during the ESTOC Time Series cruises from 1995-2004"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845549845888","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An assessment of the Atlantic and Arctic sea–air CO\n                    <sub>2</sub>\n                    fluxes, 1990–2009"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318500786176","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An update to the Surface Ocean CO\n                    <sub>2</sub>\n                    Atlas (SOCAT version 2)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794309159680","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"New technique to analyse global distributions of\n                        CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and fluxes from non-processed\n                        observational 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