{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294643714729344.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1038/s41598-021-92917-2"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92917-2.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92917-2"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"34183738"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Threshold flow depths to move large boulders by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Around the world, numerous coastal boulders with weight of few thousand tons are suspected to have been transported by very large tsunamis, although their origins remain enigmatic. For clarifying origins of these boulders, the relation between the tsunami flow depth and the movement of meter-size boulders should be clarified but there is no proper field dataset. Here we collected first comprehensive dataset of both moved and unmoved boulders as well as the maximum flow depths along the Sanriku coast of Japan, where was affected by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami based on satellite image analyses and field survey. The dataset revealed that up to ca. 1500 tons of boulders and concrete blocks were moved by the 2011 tsunami with approx. 28 m flow depth. We further revealed that most unmoved boulders were not moved because of the local setting rather than their heavy weights. The threshold of moved/unmoved boulders is estimated against the flow depth. The threshold predicted that approx. > 20 m flow depths are required to move approx. > 1000 tons boulders. The results imply that even a few thousand tons of enigmatic boulders in the world could have been moved by these sizes of the tsunami flow depths, although applicability of our results to other examples should be evaluated in the future work. We further tested the validity of an earlier proposed inverse model. Although the model result is consistent with the field observation, assumption of the appropriate parameters is problematic and further improvement of the model is required to estimate hydrodynamic features of the tsunami and to discriminate tsunami boulders from storm ones. Regarding such future work, our dataset is expected to be important for the evaluation of the improved numerical models.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294643714729361","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shohei Iwai"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294643714729356","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kazuhisa Goto"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20452322"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Scientific Reports"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2021-06-28","prism:volume":"11","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"1"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92917-2.pdf"},{"@id":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92917-2"}],"createdAt":"2021-06-28","modifiedAt":"2024-09-02","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Science","dc:title":"Science"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Q","dc:title":"Q"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=R","dc:title":"R"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Medicine","dc:title":"Medicine"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000781954622464","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"17H01631"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP17H01631"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17H01631/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"巨大津波後の長期的地形変化を考慮した沿岸防災機能強化"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Change of coastal geometry for long time after a giant tsunami and Strengthening disaster prevention/mitigation function"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001335843671296","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Extreme block and boulder transport along a cliffed coastline (Calicoan Island, Philippines) during Super Typhoon Haiyan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002218474801536","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Localized tsunamigenic earthquakes inferred from preferential distribution of coastal boulders on the Ryukyu Islands, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005520527557248","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A gigantic boulder transported by the 2011 Tohoku‐oki tsunami"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144202164352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Numerical models of tsunami sediment transport — Current understanding and future directions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144258984320","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A numerical model for the transport of a boulder by tsunami"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146271254528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Tsunamis as geomorphic crises: Lessons from the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga, West Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146623097856","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inverse modeling of velocities and inferred cause of overwash that emplaced inland fields of boulders at Anegada, British Virgin Islands"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013171123914880","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A quasi-experimental setting of coarse clast transport by the 2010 Chile tsunami (Bucalemu, Central Chile)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013172991109888","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Systematic Review Shows That Work Done by Storm Waves Can Be Misinterpreted as Tsunami-Related Because Commonly Used Hydrodynamic Equations Are Flawed"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360283693563780224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Nationwide Post Event Survey and Analysis of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294646218921600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Intertidal boulder-based wave hindcasting can underestimate wave size: Evidence from Yorkshire, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095959348736","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Distribution, origin and transport process of boulders deposited by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Pakarang Cape, Thailand"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584341838498176","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"On the flow conditions requiring detailed geometric modeling for multiscale evaluation of coastal forests"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570230422400","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inundation flow velocity of tsunami on land"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855571002269696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Boulder transport by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Comprehensive field observations and whither model predictions?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857597436318976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reconstruction of transport modes and flow parameters from coastal boulders"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519144359040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Deposition of sediments of diverse sizes by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami at Miyako City, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519846118528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reassessment of hydrodynamic equations: Minimum flow velocity to initiate boulder transport by high energy events (storms, tsunamis)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470191233664","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Boulder and fine sediment transport and deposition by the 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga (western Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia): A coupled offshore–onshore model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470305194624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Historical and geological evidence of boulders deposited by tsunamis, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420738850432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sedimentary processes associated with sand and boulder deposits formed by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami at Sabusawa Island, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893459738752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"2004 Indian Ocean tsunami flow velocity measurements from survivor videos"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107371025430400","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The forces exerted by waves on objects"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388843424635520","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The use of boulders for characterising past tsunamis: Lessons from the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2009 South Pacific tsunamis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320558814208","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Numerical identification of tsunami boulders and estimation of local tsunami size at Ibaruma reef of Ishigaki Island, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794058739072","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling field observations of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Efficacy of artificial and natural structures on tsunami mitigation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795140861312","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Huge erratic boulders in Tonga deposited by a 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