{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360300467682998528.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.3390/v15071516"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/7/1516/pdf"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Infection Dynamics and Genomic Mutations of Hepatitis E Virus in Naturally Infected Pigs on a Farrow-to-Finish Farm in Japan: A Survey from 2012 to 2021"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute or chronic hepatitis in humans. Pigs are the primary reservoir for zoonotic HEV genotypes 3 and 4 worldwide. This study investigated the infection dynamics and genomic mutations of HEV in domestic pigs on a farrow-to-finish pig farm in Japan between 2012 and 2021. A high prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was noted among pigs on this farm in 2012, when the survey started, and persisted for at least nine years. During 2012–2021, HEV RNA was detected in both serum and fecal samples, indicating active viral replication. Environmental samples, including slurry samples in manure pits, feces on the floor, floor and wall swabs in pens, and dust samples, also tested positive for HEV RNA, suggesting potential sources of infection within the farm environment. Indeed, pigs raised in HEV-contaminated houses had a higher rate of HEV infection than those in an HEV-free house. All 104 HEV strains belonged to subgenotype 3b, showing a gradual decrease in nucleotide identities over time. The 2012 (swEJM1201802S) and 2021 (swEJM2100729F) HEV strains shared 97.9% sequence identity over the entire genome. Importantly, the swEJM2100729F strain efficiently propagated in human hepatoma cells, demonstrating its infectivity. These findings contribute to our understanding of the prevalence, transmission dynamics, and genetic characteristics of HEV in domestic pigs, emphasizing the potential risks associated with HEV infections and are crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate the risk of HEV infection in both animals and humans.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380300467682998531","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masaharu Takahashi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380300467682998529","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Satoshi Kunita"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380300467682998532","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tsutomu Nishizawa"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380300467682998530","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hiroshi Ohnishi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420285329317186432","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"50880100"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000050880100"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420001326211767680","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"60433116"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000060433116"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000002585408"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398273360"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000399370125"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000007592387"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000025075100"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000413498979"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000261675982"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000005463750"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shigeo Nagashima"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420282801208286208","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"40345971"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000040345971"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000000572616"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000002474229"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000019060914"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000404121549"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414561676"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000396168004"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000381457132"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000001878847"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000000341456"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000409578666"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000021344408"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000021938047"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000248229336"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000248228119"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414837718"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242077236"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000367827817"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000018243184"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242089272"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000377381719"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/minch"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kazumoto Murata"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380300467682998535","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hiroaki Okamoto"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"19994915"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Viruses"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"MDPI AG"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2023-07-07","prism:volume":"15","prism:number":"7","prism:startingPage":"1516"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/7/1516/pdf"}],"createdAt":"2023-07-10","modifiedAt":"2025-10-10","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=cell%20culture","dc:title":"cell culture"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=seroprevalence","dc:title":"seroprevalence"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Hepatitis%20E%20virus;%20swine%20farm;%20seroprevalence;%20environmental%20samples;%20phylogenetic%20analysis;%20cell%20culture","dc:title":"Hepatitis E virus; swine farm; seroprevalence; environmental samples; phylogenetic analysis; cell culture"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=phylogenetic%20analysis","dc:title":"phylogenetic analysis"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Hepatitis%20E%20virus","dc:title":"Hepatitis E virus"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=environmental%20samples","dc:title":"environmental samples"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=swine%20farm","dc:title":"swine farm"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Microbiology","dc:title":"Microbiology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QR1-502","dc:title":"QR1-502"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Article","dc:title":"Article"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040010457589525632","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22K07105"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22K07105"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22K07105/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"E型肝炎ウイルスの感染初期と後期過程を阻害する化合物の同定と増殖抑制効果の解析"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Identification of compounds that inhibit the early and late steps of hepatitis E virus infection and analysis of their inhibitory effects on the virus growth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040573407566105600","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22K15478"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22K15478"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22K15478/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"Elucidation of host factors and the associated pathways responsible for cellular permissiveness to hepatitis E virus replication and identification of the potential inhibitors"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Elucidation of host factors and the associated pathways responsible for cellular permissiveness to hepatitis E virus replication and identification of the potential inhibitors"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040573407569828224","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"22K07991"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP22K07991"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22K07991/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"免疫賦活およびウイルス宿主免疫抑制機構の抑制によるB型肝炎治療の開発"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Development of novel treatment for HBV by immunomodulation and host-virus interaction"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011143623771392","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E Virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145888766336","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Correlation between positivity for immunoglobulin A antibodies and viraemia of swine hepatitis E virus observed 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Vivo"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021396153316480","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Natural viral co‐infections in pig herds affect hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection dynamics and increase the risk of contaminated livers at slaughter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021396153573760","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Study of Animal Mixing and the Dynamics of Hepatitis E Virus Infection on a Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360283691033393792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Characterization and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies raised against rat hepatitis E virus capsid protein: An evaluation of their neutralizing activity in a cell culture system"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285707527587840","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Molecular analysis of hepatitis E virus from farm rabbits in Inner Mongolia, China and its successful propagation in A549 and PLC/PRF/5 cells"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618854029440","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mutational events during the primary propagation and consecutive passages of hepatitis E virus strain JE03-1760F in cell culture"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619876473472","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Monoclonal antibodies raised against the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus (HEV) can capture HEV particles in culture supernatant and serum but not those in 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quaternary ammonium compound under various concentrations, exposure times and temperatures against African swine fever virus"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302870462786304","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"In Vitro Replication of Swine Hepatitis E Virus (HEV): Production of Cell-Adapted Strains"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565165286484864","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A549 and PLC/PRF/5 cells can support the efficient propagation of swine and wild boar hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains: demonstration of HEV infectivity of porcine liver sold as food"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565168419841664","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Characterization of the Quasi-Enveloped Hepatitis E Virus Particles Released by the Cellular 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dynamics and organic distribution in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish farm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568740835456","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Long‐term shedding of hepatitis E virus in the feces of pigs infected naturally, born to sows with and without maternal antibodies"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569724353024","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Palmitoylation mediates membrane association of hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein and is required for infectious particle secretion"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857596212581888","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Swine hepatitis E virus: Cross-species infection, pork safety and chronic 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farms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869454284679808","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Recent advances in hepatitis E virus research and the Japanese clinical practice guidelines for hepatitis E virus infection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519442221312","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Estimation of the mutation rate of hepatitis E virus based on a set of closely related 7.5-year-apart isolates from Sapporo, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994394922624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Zoonotic hepatitis E: animal reservoirs and emerging risks"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469358449408","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Update on hepatitis E virology: Implications for clinical practice"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470037123200","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Swine hepatitis E virus strains in Japan form four phylogenetic clusters comparable with those of Japanese isolates of human hepatitis E virus"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470472680576","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Computer-assisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470825553152","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Development and validation of an improved RT-PCR assay with nested universal primers for detection of hepatitis E virus strains with significant sequence divergence"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945191745024","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human  hepatitis E virus"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544418595233664","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Production of monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis E virus capsid protein and evaluation of their neutralizing activity in a cell culture system"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420392562048","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Origin, antigenicity, and function of a secreted form of ORF2 in hepatitis E virus infection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544421087026816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Hepatitis E: Molecular Virology and 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