{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565165910782848.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.03.094"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0017931018312110?httpAccept=text/xml"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0017931018312110?httpAccept=text/plain"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"Abstract   As a common physical phenomenon, frost deposition is inevitable and always has significant negative effects on several industry fields, such as aerospace, aviation, and heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. To accurately predict and control a frosting–defrosting cycle, there is a need to understand the interrelated heat, mass, and momentum transport phenomena within the frost and at the air–frost interface, which is a moving boundary condition. Consequently, during the past several decades, there has been a continuous effort to advance the understanding and modeling of frost formation on cold surfaces on the basis of experimental, semi-empirical, theoretical, and numerical approaches. To provide an overview of the analytical tools for scholars, researchers, product developers, and policy designers, a review and a comparative analysis of the available literature on frosting characteristics, correlations, and mathematical models are presented in this study. The mechanisms of the frost formation process and its influence will be first introduced, followed by the presentation of methods for the measurement of the frost layer thickness and the frosting rate. Then, the frost characteristics, including the accumulation, the density, the thermal conductivity and morphology, and the heat and mass transfer coefficients, will be summarized. The existing gaps in the research works on frost will be identified, and recommendations will be offered as per the viewpoint of the present authors. Finally, the conclusions of this study will be given."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1030299673827984000","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mengjie Song"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380566394082070656","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chaobin Dang"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00179310"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Elsevier BV"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2018-09","prism:volume":"124","prism:startingPage":"586","prism:endingPage":"614"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0017931018312110?httpAccept=text/xml"},{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0017931018312110?httpAccept=text/plain"}],"createdAt":"2018-04-05","modifiedAt":"2025-09-16","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282256929921280","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"17F17365"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP17F17365"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17F17365/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"着霜特性の３Ｄ計測と除霜性能向上に関する研究"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Frosting characteristic measurement and defrosting performance improvement"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002219110816256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Wettability and Superhydrophilic TiO2 Film Formed by Chemical Vapor Deposition"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005516827116672","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Review of experimental data associated with the solidification characteristics of water droplets on a cold plate surface at the early frosting stage"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011143504707968","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effect of stationary and sweeping frequency AC electric fields on frost crystal removal on a cold plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144537806848","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effect of streamwise vortices on the frost growth rate in developing laminar channel flows"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144940785792","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study of frost formation on cryogenic surfaces under natural convection conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145212408192","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dynamic behavior of a direct expansion evaporator under frosting condition. Part I. Distributed model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145865046656","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of surface characteristic on frosting and defrosting behaviors of fin-tube heat exchangers"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618649366144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effect of ultrasound on frost formation on a cold flat surface in atmospheric air flow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619011654016","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A study of frost build-up on parallel plate channels"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619055970048","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Performances of air source heat pump system for a kind of mal-defrost phenomenon appearing in moderate climate conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619434545152","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Measurement and Correlation of Water Frost Thermal Conductivity and Density"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619544886528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study of the effect of air quality on frosting on cold flat surface"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619705497472","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Analysis of heat transfer and frost layer formation on a cryogenic tank wall exposed to the humid atmospheric air"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620440744704","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost deposition in a parallel plate channel under laminar flow conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620732312576","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation and anti-icing performance of a hydrophobic coating on aluminum"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292621426393728","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A study on the performance of the airside heat exchanger under frosting in an air source heat pump water heater/chiller unit"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292621447249664","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A novel prediction model of frost growth on cold surface based on support vector machine"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360572092696616192","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A novel model of heat-water-air-stress coupling in unsaturated frozen soil"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093528469248","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost growth and densification on a flat surface in laminar flow with variable humidity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093699676416","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental study on frost formation on a cold surface in low atmospheric pressure"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093736829952","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Quantification of unsteady heat transfer and phase changing process inside small icing water droplets"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093742633600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling of frost build-up on parallel-plate channels under supersaturated air-frost interface conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093929393792","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study of frost formation on a horizontal cylinder under cross flow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095215320448","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An analytical solution to the problem of frost growth and densification on flat surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095484010496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation on fin- and- tube heat exchangers. Part II—Experimental investigation of frost formation on fin- and- tube heat exchangers"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574096044018944","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simultaneous heat and mass transfer to flat plate in humid air stream under frosting conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568799026816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A model for predicting the thermal-hydraulic performance of louvered-fin, flat-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855568880506752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"State-of-the-art review of frost deposition on flat surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569670370048","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A semi-empirical correlation for the frost density"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569798916608","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Heat and mass transfer under frosting conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569913380992","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effective thermal conductivity of frost during the crystal growth period"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570234678400","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frosting characteristics on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces: A review"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570367406464","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A study of the reverse cycle defrosting performance on a multi-circuit outdoor coil unit in an air source heat pump – Part I: Experiments"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570761088896","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of ice release coatings at cryogenic temperature for the space shuttle"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570911410816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Study of Frost Properties Correlating With Frost Formation Types"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855571014464512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Dimensionless correlations of frost properties on a cold plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855571111458816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An icing physics study by using lifetime-based molecular tagging thermometry technique"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044110431488","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental investigation of frost formation on a parallel flow evaporator"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044773950976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost growth around a cylinder in a wet air stream"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045069132160","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A study of frost nucleation on flat surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045276284032","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling of frost growth and frost properties with airflow over a flat plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045463399808","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study on even frosting performance of an air source heat pump unit with a multi-circuit outdoor coil"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046043177856","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation and frost meltwater drainage characteristics on aluminum surfaces with grooved structures"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046053867648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Measurement on nano scale by scanning probe microscope for obtaining real ice adhesion force"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046194083840","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation in vertical channels under natural convection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046308617728","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frosting and defrosting on rigid superhydrohobic surface"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418518472477440","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Application of smart models for prediction of the frost layer thickness on vertical cryogenic surfaces under natural convection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519132190720","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Phase change mass transfer model for frost growth and densification"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519278746112","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation and frost crystal growth on a cold plate in atmospheric air flow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520131908096","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Prediction of the frost formation on a cold flat surface"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520980365568","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The constructal law and the evolution of design in nature"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699993857785216","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A finite-volume diffusion-limited aggregation model for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of frost"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994842773376","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Study on restraining frost growth at initial stage by hydrophobic coating and hygroscopic coating"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995159519360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Synthesis of porous titania thin films using carbonatation reaction and its hydrophilic property"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995811523712","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental study of frost accumulation on fan-supplied tube-fin evaporators"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995954921344","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Generalized correlation of the water frost thermal conductivity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699996063092992","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Heat and mass transfer on a cylinder surface in cross flow under supersaturated frosting conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699996261344256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation on a plate with different surface hydrophilicity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469225934592","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Observations of Early-Stage Frost Formation on a Cold Plate in Atmospheric Air Flow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470088832256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Numerical simulation of frosting behavior and its effect on a direct-contact ambient air vaporizer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470980411776","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frosting model for predicting macroscopic and local frost behaviors on a cold plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943826293120","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Superhydrophilic surface modification of copper surfaces by Layer-by-Layer self-assembly and Liquid Phase Deposition of TiO2 thin film"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944641748480","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A mathematical model for frost growth and densification on flat surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944888369408","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Field test study of a novel defrosting control method for air-source heat pumps by applying tube encircled photoelectric sensors"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944935735424","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A semi-empirical correlation for the thermal conductivity of frost"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945205257600","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Investigation of defrosting water retention on the surface of evaporator impacting the performance of air source heat pump during periodic frosting–defrosting cycles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945293709696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of Evaporator Frosting on the Performance of an Air-to-Air Heat Pump"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262946178383360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling of frosting behavior on a cold plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262946406827264","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Algebraic modeling and thermodynamic design of fan-supplied tube-fin evaporators running under frosting conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262946436804352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frosting modeling on a cold flat plate: Comparison of the different assumptions and impacts on frost growth predictions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419141677824","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419555622784","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Analysis of the frost growth on a flat plate by simple models of saturation and supersaturation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419582368896","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Parametric analysis of the defrosting process of a reversible heat pump system for electric vehicles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420316339328","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling spatial and temporal frost formation with distributed properties on a flat plate using the orthogonal collocation method"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420492693376","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study on defrosting performance for an air source heat pump unit at different frosting evenness values with melted frost local drainage"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420624563072","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental study on frost growth and dynamic performance of air source heat pump system"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544421311351168","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Densification of frost on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates – Examining the effect of surface wettability"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893560411520","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling of frost formation over parallel cold plates considering a two-dimensional growth rate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893619138432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Constructal theory of droplet impact geometry"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893859265280","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A generalized simple model for predicting frost growth on cold flat plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894203998976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A new time- and space-dependent model for predicting frost formation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894527812224","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A study of frost growth and densification on flat surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894573871360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Review of defrosting methods"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894706879872","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"TiO2 optical coating layers for self-cleaning applications"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894932601984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modelling of frost growth and densification"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895053692416","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF FROST FORMATION ON A HORIZONTAL PLATE"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895125597568","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Study of free convection frost formation on a vertical plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895185447168","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation on a cold surface under turbulent flow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895838519296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Performance prediction of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger considering air-flow reduction due to the frost accumulation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895899615360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An improved model for predicting performance of finned tube heat exchanger under frosting condition, with frost thickness variation along fin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825896175986688","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation on a vertical plate in simultaneously developing flow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369080374528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Empirical heat transfer and frost thickness correlations during frost deposition on a cylinder in cross-flow in the transient regime"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107369814655872","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study on minimizing frost deposition on a cold surface under natural convection conditions by use of a novel anti-frosting paint. Part I. Anti-frosting performance and comparison with the uncoated metallic surface"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107370870991616","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An analytical study of frost nucleation and growth during the crystal growth period"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107370915395456","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling non-uniform frost growth on a fin-and-tube heat exchanger"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388843742272256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effective Thermal Conductivity of Frost"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388843995115904","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Equation of the growth rate of frost forming on cooled surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844008810496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study on the effects of downwards flowing of melted frost over a vertical multi-circuit outdoor coil in an air source heat pump on defrosting performance during reverse cycle defrosting"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844076134272","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"CALCULATION OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POROUS MEDIA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845349099008","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A one-dimensional model for frost formation on a cold flat surface"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318622982784","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost Deposition on Cold Surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319102745728","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Growth mechanisms to explain the primary and secondary habits of snow crystals"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320237072768","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"<i>Review Article:</i>\n            A Critical Review of Properties and Models for Frost Formation Analysis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320321534848","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effect of underwing frost on a transport aircraft airfoil at flight Reynolds number"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670321021467904","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A frosting limit model of air-to-air quasi-counter-flow membrane energy exchanger for use in cold climates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951793590864512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"New model for frost growth rate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794053109760","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Local variation of frost layer thickness and morphology"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794280250624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental investigation of the performance of microchannel heat exchangers with a new type of fin under wet and frosting conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794555542656","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental Study on Frost Structure on Surfaces With Different Hydrophilicity: Density and Thermal Conductivity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794852832640","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A mathematical model for predicting the densification and growth of frost on a flat plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795109102336","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Microscopic observation of frost behaviors at the early stage of frost formation on hydrophobic surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795232700032","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling of frost formation over parallel cold plates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795878217856","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mechanism of Delayed Frost Growth on Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Jumping Condensates: More Than Interdrop Freezing"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795898714880","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Improving the frosting and defrosting performance of air source heat pump units: review and outlook"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233268734228352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental study on frost release on fin-and-tube heat exchangers by use of a novel anti-frosting paint"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233268807537280","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A semi-empirical correlation for predicting the frost density on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233269071869952","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Visual and Theoretical Analyses of the Early Stage of Frost Formation on Cold Surfaces"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233269082602112","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study on defrosting performance of an air source heat pump unit with a multi-circuit outdoor coil at different frosting evenness values"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233269163740800","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Some Observations of the Frost Formation in Fin Arrays"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233269217140480","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost formation on a super-hydrophobic surface under natural convection conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233269554365568","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Local frosting behavior of a plated-fin and tube heat exchanger according to the refrigerant flow direction and surface treatment"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233270276661632","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An investigation of super-hydrophilic properties of TiO2/SnO2 nano composite thin films"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233270814755200","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study on frosting of laminar air flow on a cold surface with local cooling"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233271065256064","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Predictions of frost growth on a cold plate in atmospheric air"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844599425","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Characteristics of frost growth on a flat plate during the early growth period"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844599431","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An experimental study on the operating performance of a novel reverse-cycle hot gas defrosting method for air source heat pumps"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844599816","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experimental measurements of the effects of frost formation on heat exchanger performance"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844599818","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Real-time measurement for evaporator frosting rate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844599936","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"New equation for the heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe channel flow"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844599939","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Experiment on frost characteristic of airwarmed cryogenic finned-tube vaporizer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600068","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost characteristics and heat transfer on a flat plate under freezer operating conditions: Part II, Numerical modeling and comparison with data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600071","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Forced convection heat and mass transfer under frost condition"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600193","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Measurement and correlations of frost properties with airflow over a flat plate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600196","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frost characteristics and heat transfer on a flat plate under freezer operating conditions: Part I, Experimentation and correlations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600207","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A review of frost formation in simple geometries"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600331","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Research on the frost formation in a low temperature cooler condenser"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600454","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling frost characteristics on heat exchanger fins: Part I. Numerical model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600459","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mass and heat transfer during frost growth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600461","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Heat and mass transfer of parallel plates heat exchanger under frosting condition"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600462","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of frost on the heat transfer coefficient"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370849941844600578","@type":"Product","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Prediction of growth rate and density of frost layer developing under forced convection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390305411858758400","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Frost microstructure during the frost layer growth"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.03.094"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-22387784"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::3320a8afb4824c829876408d1700d525"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110103_references_DOI_MFImUcv2ISWfkDZfIsXz7xMV31Z"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121375_references_DOI_MFImUcv2ISWfkDZfIsXz7xMV31Z"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1299/jtst.25-00074_references_DOI_MFImUcv2ISWfkDZfIsXz7xMV31Z"}]}