{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565166757131648.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1038/ncomms4346"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4346.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4346"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"24557500"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"Plasmodium vivax is the leading cause of human malaria in Asia and Latin America but is absent from most of central Africa due to the near fixation of a mutation that inhibits the expression of its receptor, the Duffy antigen, on human erythrocytes. The emergence of this protective allele is not understood because P. vivax is believed to have originated in Asia. Here we show, using a non-invasive approach, that wild chimpanzees and gorillas throughout central Africa are endemically infected with parasites that are closely related to human P. vivax. Sequence analyses reveal that ape parasites lack host specificity and are much more diverse than human parasites, which form a monophyletic lineage within the ape parasite radiation. These findings indicate that human P. vivax is of African origin and likely selected for the Duffy-negative mutation. All extant human P. vivax parasites are derived from a single ancestor that escaped out of Africa."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663637","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Weimin Liu"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663640","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yingying Li"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663635","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Katharina S. Shaw"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663770","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gerald H. Learn"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663763","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Lindsey J. Plenderleith"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663631","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jordan A. Malenke"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663768","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sesh A. Sundararaman"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663632","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Miguel A. Ramirez"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663753","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Patricia A. Crystal"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663625","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Andrew G. Smith"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663761","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Frederic Bibollet-Ruche"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663628","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ahidjo Ayouba"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663760","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sabrina Locatelli"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663771","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Amandine Esteban"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663772","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Fatima Mouacha"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663769","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Emilande Guichet"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663752","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Christelle Butel"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663636","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Steve Ahuka-Mundeke"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663757","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Bila-Isia Inogwabini"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663616","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jean-Bosco N. Ndjango"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663751","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sheri Speede"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663627","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Crickette M. Sanz"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663639","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David B. Morgan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663750","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mary K. Gonder"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663749","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Philip J. Kranzusch"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663767","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Peter D. Walsh"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663624","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Alexander V. Georgiev"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663746","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Martin N. Muller"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663623","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Alex K. Piel"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663762","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Fiona A. Stewart"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663630","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Michael L. Wilson"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663617","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Anne E. Pusey"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663744","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Liwang Cui"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663758","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Zenglei Wang"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663748","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Anna Färnert"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663638","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Colin J. Sutherland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663774","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Debbie Nolder"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663747","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"John A. Hart"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663622","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Terese B. Hart"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663620","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Paco Bertolani"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663764","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Amethyst Gillis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663618","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Matthew LeBreton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663745","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Babila Tafon"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663619","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"John Kiyang"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663634","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Cyrille F. Djoko"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663765","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Bradley S. Schneider"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663633","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nathan D. Wolfe"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663629","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663754","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Eric Delaporte"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663621","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Richard Carter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663756","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Richard L. Culleton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663626","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"George M. Shaw"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663766","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Julian C. Rayner"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663759","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Martine Peeters"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663755","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Beatrice H. Hahn"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380847869923663773","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Paul M. Sharp"}]}],"contributor":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398295","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) ; Perelman School of Medicine ; University of Pennsylvania-University of Pennsylvania"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398402","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI) ; Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I (UY1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar [Sénégal] (UCAD)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398291","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Drexel University"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398405","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398293","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University College of London [London] (UCL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398301","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Edinburgh (Edin.)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398421","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 AI091595, R37 AI050529, R01 AI58715, T32 AI007532, P30 AI045008), the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida (ANRS 12125/ 12182/12255), the Agence Nationale de Recherche (Programme Blanc, Sciences de la Vie, de la Sante ́ et des Ecosyste ́mes and ANR 11 BSV3 021 01, Projet PRIMAL), Harvard University, the Arthur L. Greene Fund, the Jane Goodall Institute, the Wellcome Trust (098051), the Leakey Foundation, Google.org and the Skoll Foundation. This study was also made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398283","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) ; Perelman School of Medicine ; University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]-University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398286","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques er émergentes (TransVIHMI) ; Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398410","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"UCL Qatar, University College London ; University College London (UCL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893961342449398427","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Edinburgh"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20411723"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Nature Communications"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2014-02-21","prism:volume":"5","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"3346"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining","https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4346.pdf"},{"@id":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4346"}],"createdAt":"2014-02-21","modifiedAt":"2023-01-05","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QL","dc:title":"QL"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Asia","dc:title":"Asia"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=572","dc:title":"572"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDV.BID.EVO%5DLife%20Sciences%20%5Bq-bio%5D/Biodiversity/Populations%20and%20Evolution%20%5Bq-bio.PE%5D","dc:title":"[SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE]"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Article","dc:title":"Article"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Malaria","dc:title":"Malaria"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Evolution,%20Molecular","dc:title":"Evolution, Molecular"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=MALARIA","dc:title":"MALARIA"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Africa","dc:title":"Africa"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Animals","dc:title":"Animals"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDV.MP.PAR%5DLife%20Sciences%20%5Bq-bio%5D/Microbiology%20and%20Parasitology/Parasitology","dc:title":"[SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDV.BBM%5DLife%20Sciences%20%5Bq-bio%5D/Biochemistry,%20Molecular%20Biology","dc:title":"[SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Plasmodium%20vivax","dc:title":"Plasmodium vivax"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Phylogeny","dc:title":"Phylogeny"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782154228992","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"23406022"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP23406022"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23406022/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"森林発生人獣共通マラリアの生態学社会学的研究"},{"@language":"en","@value":"The eco-epidemiology of forest and zoonotic malaria."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782275926656","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"25870525"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP25870525"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-25870525/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"A genomic approach to the identification of transmission blocking antigens of malaria parasites"},{"@language":"en","@value":"A genomic approach to the identification of transmission blocking antigens of malaria parasites"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257171419776","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"24255009"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP24255009"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-24255009/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"アジア霊長類と病原体の宿主寄生体関係史の探索"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Research of history of host-parasite relationships between pathogens and Asian primates"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282814175683200","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Apicoplast phylogeny reveals the position of Plasmodium vivax basal to the Asian primate malaria parasite clade"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050287297262800768","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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infection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004232090198528","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Plasmodium falciparum Accompanied the Human Expansion out of Africa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285711805794816","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A comparative molecular survey of malaria prevalence among Eastern chimpanzee populations in Issa Valley (Tanzania) and Kalinzu (Uganda)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617907969920","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"New Algorithms and Methods to Estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the Performance of PhyML 3.0"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618581179008","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evolutionary and 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population"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094600234624","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094796887168","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Plasmodium vivax malaria in Duffy-negative individuals from Ethiopia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574096521892096","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Resistance Factor to<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>in Blacks"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848657351006080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Malaria parasite genetics: doing something 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