{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094046800000.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/mwr3331.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/mwr/article-pdf/134/12/3625/4220869/mwr3331_1.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"30022383453"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Prediction of Clouds and Rain Using a z-Coordinate Nonhydrostatic Model"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The most common option for numerical models of the atmosphere is to use model layers following the surface of the earth, using a terrain-following vertical coordinate. The present paper investigates the forecast of clouds and precipitation using the z-coordinate nonhydrostatic version of the Lokalmodell (LM-z). This model uses model layers that are parallel to the surface of the sphere and consequently intersect the orography. Physical processes are computed on a special grid, allowing adequate grid spacing even over high mountains. In other respects the model is identical to the nonhydrostatic terrain-following version of the LM, which in a number of European countries is used for operational mesoscale forecasting. The terrain-following version of the LM (LM-tf) is used for comparison with the forecasts of the LM-z. Terrain-following coordinates are accurate when the orography is shallow and smooth, while z-coordinate models need not satisfy this condition. Because the condition of smooth orography is rarely satisfied in reality, z-coordinate models should lead to a better representation of the atmospheric flow near mountains and consequently to a better representation of fog, low stratus, and precipitation. A number of real-data cases, computed with a grid spacing of 7 and 14 km, are investigated. A total of 39 real-data cases have been used to evaluate forecast scores. A rather systematic improvement of precipitation forecasts resulted in a substantial increase of threat scores. Furthermore, RMS verification against radiosondes showed an improvement of the 24-h forecast, both for wind and temperature. To investigate the possibility of flow separation at mountain tops, the flow in the lee of southern Italy was investigated.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1581417126373706240","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Steppeler"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"DWD, Offenbach, Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800008","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"H. W. Bitzer"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Aw Geophys, Offenbach, Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800001","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Z. Janjic"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NCEP, Camp Springs, Maryland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800007","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"U. Schättler"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"DWD, Offenbach, Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800009","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. Prohl"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"DWD, Offenbach, Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800006","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"U. Gjertsen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"met.no, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800002","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. Torrisi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"CNMCA, Rome, Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800005","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Parfinievicz"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"*IMGW, Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800003","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. Avgoustoglou"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"HNMS, Athens, Greece"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380574094046800004","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"U. Damrath"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"DWD, Offenbach, Germany"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15200493"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00270644"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Monthly Weather Review"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2006-12-01","prism:volume":"134","prism:number":"12","prism:startingPage":"3625","prism:endingPage":"3643"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/mwr/article-pdf/134/12/3625/4220869/mwr3331_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2006-12-20","modifiedAt":"2020-12-07","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390009692524880512","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The o2o3 Local Galerkin Method Using a Differentiable Flux Representation"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"微分可能な流束表現を用いたo2o3局所ガラーキン法"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680198860032","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A Conserved Topographical Representation Scheme Using a Thin-Wall Approximation in Z-Coordinates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681480066816","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Models and Operational Development at JMA"},{"@value":"Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Models and Operational Development at JMA(125th Anniversary Issue of the Meteorological Society of Japan)"},{"@value":"Nonhydrostatic atmosperic models and operational development at JMA"},{"@value":"Nonhydrostatic atmospheric models operational development at JMA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390286426512663808","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Topography in Weather and Climate Models: Lessons from Cut-Cell Eta vs. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Experiments"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"数値天気予報モデルと気候モデルの地形－カットセルEtaモデルとECMWFモデルの比較実験からの教訓"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842089639168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model : description and development"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/mwr3331.1"},{"@type":"CIA","@value":"30022383453"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2020-050_references_DOI_3qJ5kpO54duGBAWVD2Asg2hkyV6"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-014-0018-1_references_DOI_3qJ5kpO54duGBAWVD2Asg2hkyV6"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.85b.271_references_DOI_3qJ5kpO54duGBAWVD2Asg2hkyV6"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2021-077_references_DOI_3qJ5kpO54duGBAWVD2Asg2hkyV6"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2016-046_references_DOI_3qJ5kpO54duGBAWVD2Asg2hkyV6"}]}