Recent Advances in Activatable <sup>19</sup>F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nano‐Probes for the Detection of Biomarkers

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  • Jeremy Salaam
    Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
  • Masafumi Minoshima
    Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
  • Kazuya Kikuchi
    Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Adapting MRI to the field of molecular imaging is a challenge that continues to attract considerable attention. The detection of a given biomolecular analyte requires the availability of a molecular probe that is able to respond with a sufficient signal gap in order to overcome the low sensitivity of MRI. To this end, <jats:sup>19</jats:sup>F MRI has yielded promising results due to its negligible endogenous background signals. Several small molecular probes have been reported; however, the low sensitivity of <jats:sup>19</jats:sup>F MRI render the detection of biomarkers <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> difficult, in view of their sub‐nanomolar concentration on site. Researchers have thus directed their attention toward larger chemical objects containing large numbers of <jats:sup>19</jats:sup>F nuclei as smart platforms that allow a stimuli‐induced response. This article discusses the recent advances and future directions in the design of nano‐probes that respond to chemical or physical stimuli recognized as biomarkers for life and disease.</jats:p>

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