{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570487201664.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/angeo-27-1035-2009"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/27/1035/2009/angeo-27-1035-2009.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Statistical visualization of the Earth's magnetotail based on Geotail data and the implied substorm model"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Abstract. We investigated the temporal and spatial development of the near-Earth magnetotail during substorms based on multi-dimensional superposed-epoch analysis of Geotail data. The start time of the auroral break-up (t=0) of each substorm was determined from auroral data obtained by the Polar and IMAGE spacecraft. The key parameters derived from the plasma, magnetic-field, and electric-field data from Geotail were sorted by their meridional X(GSM)–Z(proxy) coordinates.  The results show that the Poynting flux toward the plasma-sheet center starts at least 10 min before the substorm onset, and is further enhanced at X~−12 RE (Earth radii) around 4 min before the onset. Simultaneously, large-amplitude fluctuations occurred, and earthward flows in the central plasma sheet between X~−11 RE and X~−19 RE and a duskward flow around X=−10 RE were enhanced. The total pressure starts to decrease around X=−16 RE about 4 min before the onset of the substorm. After the substorm onset, a notable dipolarization is observed and tailward flows commence, characterised by southward magnetic fields in the form of a plasmoid.  We confirm various observable-parameter variations based on or predicted by the relevant substorm models; however, none of these can explain our results perfectly. Therefore, we propose a catapult (slingshot) current-sheet relaxation model, in which an earthward convective flow produced by catapult current-sheet relaxation and a converted duskward flow near the Earth are enhanced through flow braking around 4 min before the substorm onset. These flows induce a ballooning instability or other instabilities, causing the observed current disruption. The formation of the magnetic neutral line is a natural consequence of the present model, because the relaxation of a highly stretched catapult current-sheet produces a very thin current at its tailward edge being surrounded by intense earthward and tailward magnetic fields which were formerly the off-equatorial lobe magnetic fields. This location is the boundary between a highly stressed catapult current sheet and a Harris-type current sheet characterized by little stress. In addition, the flows induced around the boundary toward the current-sheet center may enhance the formation of the magnetic neutral line and the efficiency of magnetic reconnection. After magnetic reconnection is induced, it plays a significant role in driving the substorm.\n                    </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380567180787592586","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Machida"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201672","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Y. Miyashita"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201665","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Ieda"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201671","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Nosé"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201664","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Nagata"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201673","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. Liou"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201666","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Obara"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201668","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Nishida"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201667","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Y. Saito"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380855570487201670","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Mukai"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"14320576"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Annales Geophysicae"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Copernicus GmbH"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2009-03-02","prism:volume":"27","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"1035","prism:endingPage":"1046"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/27/1035/2009/angeo-27-1035-2009.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2010-06-15","modifiedAt":"2021-01-29","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282810809340032","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Full-particle simulations of instabilities in a thin current sheet of the magnetospheric system prior to substorm onset Space science"},{"@value":"Full-particle simulations of instabilities in a thin current sheet of the magnetospheric system prior to substorm onset"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050564288163925760","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Simulation study of near-Earth space disturbances: 2. 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