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Model calculations show that the surface of early Mars could have been warmed through a scattering variant of the greenhouse effect, resulting from the ability of the carbon dioxide ice clouds to reflect the outgoing thermal radiation back to the surface. This process could also explain how Earth avoided an early irreversible glaciation and could extend the size of the habitable zone on extrasolar planets around stars.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043479787265","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"François Forget"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"F. Forget, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique du CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Boite Postale 99, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France."},{"@value":"R. T. Pierrehumbert, Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043479787264","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Raymond T. 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