{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043661941376.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.12.016"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169555X09005443?httpAccept=text/xml"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169555X09005443?httpAccept=text/plain"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Relationship between the initiation of a shallow landslide and rainfall intensity—duration thresholds in Japan"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"Abstract   The empirical rainfall intensity and duration (I–D) threshold for the initiation of shallow landslide is newly defined for Japan where heavy rainfalls frequently occur during the East Asian summer monsoon season. The rainfall causes sediment-related disasters annually. This paper presents an examination of 1174 rainfall-induced shallow landslides that occurred during 2006–2008. Their I–D conditions were analyzed objectively from rainfall data (Radar-Raingauge Analyzed Precipitation) to derive the I–D threshold using the quantile-regression method: I = 2.18 D− 0.26, where I is measured in millimeters per hour and D in hours, as measured from the beginning of rainfall to the landslide occurrence. Rainfall events are separated by the absence of rainfall for 24 h. We then established a rescaled I–D threshold by dividing the rainfall intensity by the mean annual precipitation (MAP), as IMAP = 0.0007 D− 0.21, where IMAP is the rescaled average per-hour rainfall intensity. These thresholds were defined by the second percentile regression line for D of 3–537 h.  The new thresholds are considerably lower than those previously reported for the world, humid subtropical regions, the Asian monsoon region, and Japan. The result suggests that Japan is highly prone to rainfall-induced shallow landslides because of its high-relief topography, geologic conditions, human interference, and rainfall characteristics during the East Asian summer monsoon season."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420564276169830656","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"00709628"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000000709628"},{"@type":"ORCID","@value":"0000-0002-5973-1364"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000365016465"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000241153206"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257828044"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257827780"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000242843818"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/hisaito"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hitoshi Saito"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043661941377","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Daichi Nakayama"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043661941378","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hiroshi Matsuyama"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"0169555X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Geomorphology"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Elsevier BV"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2010-05","prism:volume":"118","prism:number":"1-2","prism:startingPage":"167","prism:endingPage":"175"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-017","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-012","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-004"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169555X09005443?httpAccept=text/xml"},{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169555X09005443?httpAccept=text/plain"}],"createdAt":"2010-01-05","modifiedAt":"2025-09-30","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050290770005675264","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Temporal changes in the debris flow threshold under the effects of ground freezing and sediment storage on Mt.Fuji"},{"@value":"Temporal changes in the debris flow threshold under the effects of ground freezing and sediment storage on Mt"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231312826880","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Analyzing rainfall-induced mass movements in Taiwan using the soil water index"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233577570560","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Statistical analysis and estimation of annual suspended sediments of major rivers in Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168823684992","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Analysis of Rainfall-induced Landslide Using the Extended DDA by Incorporating Matric Suction"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021389799295360","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Debris-flow activity in the Japanese Alps is controlled by extreme precipitation and ENSO – Evidence from multi-centennial tree-ring records"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391856720256","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Unprecedented rainfall index for reducing fatalities caused by sediment-related disasters"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391877849472","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of Topography on Vegetation Recovery after Shallow Landslides in the Obara and Shobara Districts, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285707146322688","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effect of forest clear-cutting on landslide occurrences: Analysis of rainfall thresholds at Mt. Ichifusa, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285710979171072","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Rainfall conditions, typhoon frequency, and contemporary landslide erosion in Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285711655099264","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Historical Nankai-Suruga megathrust earthquakes recorded by tsunami and terrestrial mass movement deposits on the Shirasuka coastal lowlands, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360306904397304832","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of the impact of climate change on rainfall for potential landslide triggering in Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360580229807755264","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Relationship between landslides and long-term rainfall trends"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584340519735296","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of influences of forest cover change on landslides by comparing rainfall-induced landslides in Japanese artificial forests with different ages"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584340520925568","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simulation of shallow landslides induced by typhoon in July 2018 in Gogoshima, Ehime Prefecture, Japan based on a simple model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848656966233088","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Assessing landslide characteristics in a changing climate in northern Taiwan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861704759173760","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"First insight into the catastrophic Atami debris flow induced by a rain gush on 3 July 2021 in Shizuoka, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001205320667008","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Estimating the Influence of Rainstorms on Shallow Landslides: Comparison of the Intensity-duration Method and a Distributed-landslide Conceptual Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001205320680832","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Rainfall Threshold for Shallow Landslides in Kelara Watershed, Indonesia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001205321261056","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Estimation of Shallow Landslides Caused by Heavy Rainfall Using Two Conceptual Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001205355667840","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Hazard Mapping of Rainfall-induced Shallow Landslide in Phetchabun, Thailand"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"タイ王国ペチャブン県における降雨に伴う表層崩壊ハザードマップの作成"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001288125133440","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"土砂災害を引き起こす降雨のリアルタイムモニタリング"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Real-time monitoring of rainfalls associated with shallow landslides"},{"@value":"土砂災害を引き起こす降雨のリアルタイムモニタリング : 2種類の降雨イベントに着目したSWING systemの構築と検証"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ドシャ サイガイ オ ヒキオコス コウウ ノ リアルタイムモニタリング : 2シュルイ ノ コウウ イベント ニ チャクモク シタ SWING system ノ コウチク ト ケンショウ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390005966211499008","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"IMPROVEMENT OF PREDICTION ACCURACY ON RAINFALL-INDUCED SLOPE FAILURES USING A RAINFALL INDEX CONSIDERING MEASUREMENT RESULTS WITH A TENSIOMETER"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"テンシオメータの計測結果を加味した雨量指標による計測斜面での斜面崩壊予測精度向上に関する検討"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390010292699162752","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"RESEARCH ON PREDICTION OF SLOPE FAILURE DUE TO RAINFALL AND COUNTERMEASURES"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"遠心場降雨発生システムを用いた斜面崩壊挙動の把握とその対策工に関する遠心模型実験"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679215262208","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Spatial Distribution and Regional Characteristics of Heavy Rainfall That Enhanced Potential Landslide Hazard Occurrence in Japan as Revealed by Soil Water Index"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"日本列島における土砂災害発生危険性を高めた大雨の空間分布とその地域的特徴―土壌雨量指数を用いて―"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ニホン レットウ ニ オケル ドシャ サイガイ ハッセイ キケンセイ オ タカメタ オオアメ ノ クウカン ブンプ ト ソノ チイキテキ トクチョウ ドジョウ ウリョウ シスウ オ モチイテ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680198525696","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Catastrophic Landslide Disasters Triggered by Record-Breaking Rainfall in Japan: Their Accurate Detection with Normalized Soil Water Index in the Kii Peninsula for the Year 2011"},{"@value":"Catastrophic landslide disasters triggered by record-breaking rainfall in Japan: their accurate detection with normalized soil water index"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680199870976","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Two Types of Rainfall Conditions Associated with Shallow Landslide Initiation in Japan as Revealed by Normalized Soil Water Index"},{"@value":"Two types of rainfall conditions associated with shallow landslide initiation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680297384320","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Rainfall-induced Landslides in Nepal"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390291767813360512","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A CHANS Approach to Investigating Post-Disaster Recovery Potential in Rural Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390293721868308608","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Influence of surface water and groundwater flows induced by Typhoon Hagibis (2019) on a landslide in Tomioka City, Gunma Prefecture, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390296442567174656","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"New Anomaly Detection Method based on the Multivariate Generalized Pareto Distributions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390564238111368960","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The mechanism of long-time displacement in a colluvium slope underlain by mudstone"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390574268836593152","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"PROPOSAL FOR ESTIMATION METHOD OF A SATURATED ZONE FORMATION TIME IN SLOPE FAILURE HAZARD PREDICTION BY MODIFIED I-D METHOD"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"修正I-D法による斜面崩壊危険度予測における飽和帯形成時刻の推定手法の提案"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390579830882934656","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Applicability of a Modified I-D Method for Predicting Slope Failure to Different Slopes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390587196514155008","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Verification of a Two-Stage Slope Condition Estimation Method Using Real-Time Monitoring Records of a Rainfall-Induced Landslide"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050588892101961856","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Application of Soil Water Index to landslide prediction in snowy regions : sensitivity analysis in Japan and preliminary results from Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050870367067984384","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Analysis of the surface microtextures and morphologies of beach quartz grains in Japan and implications for provenance research"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842096313984","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Rainfall intensity-duration conditions for mass movements in Taiwan"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.12.016"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::e7c59b33f2d5acd5c007bc2252e631e1"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s10346-016-0788-1_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1039/c3em30777h_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-019-0287-9_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.13101/ijece.5.37_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104145_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2208/jscejge.78.3_165_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.20965/jdr.2022.p0453_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.20965/jdr.2023.p0859_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104296_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s11069-023-06048-0_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3390/rs15163994_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1130/g35680.1_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1177/0959683617752844_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.13101/ijece.5.86_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2010-015_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.13101/ijece.5.1_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.024_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5638/thagis.19.81_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2208/jscejge.78.1_14_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/esp.6050_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-015-0049-2_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2208/jscejge.77.1_87_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2208/jscejer.68.i_273_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.17929/tqs.8.89_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3313/jls.59.205_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s12517-022-10532-5_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1038/s41598-023-41539-x_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1088/1757-899x/1289/1/012106_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.20965/jdr.2025.p0673_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.13101/ijece.7.92_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5026/jgeography.120.615_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-021-00408-9_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/esurf-9-1381-2021_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s10346-021-01788-1_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.catena.2018.12.023_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3208/jgssp.v07.034_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2012-021_references_DOI_4CXxpjiyuNPT8NW9SUIPerYef8E"}]}