{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043681823488.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2934"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article-pdf/17/8/1930/2267857/1930.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Pharmacokinetics of 6-Gingerol, 8-Gingerol, 10-Gingerol, and 6-Shogaol and Conjugate Metabolites in Healthy Human Subjects"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Background: Ginger shows promising anticancer properties. No research has examined the pharmacokinetics of the ginger constituents 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol in humans. We conducted a clinical trial with 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol, examining the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of these analytes and their conjugate metabolites.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods: Human volunteers were given ginger at doses from 100 mg to 2.0 g (N = 27), and blood samples were obtained at 15 minutes to 72 hours after a single p.o. dose. The participants were allocated in a dose-escalation manner starting with 100 mg. There was a total of three participants at each dose except for 1.0 g (N = 6) and 2.0 g (N = 9).</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: No participant had detectable free 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, or 6-shogaol, but 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol glucuronides were detected. The 6-gingerol sulfate conjugate was detected above the 1.0-g dose, but there were no detectable 10-gingerol or 6-shogaol sulfates except for one participant with detectable 8-gingerol sulfate. The Cmax and area under the curve values (mean ± SE) estimated for the 2.0-g dose are 0.85 ± 0.43, 0.23 ± 0.16, 0.53 ± 0.40, and 0.15 ± 0.12 μg/mL; and 65.6.33 ± 44.4, 18.1 ± 20.3, 50.1 ± 49.3, and 10.9 ± 13.0 μg·hr/mL for 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol. The corresponding tmax values are 65.6 ± 44.4, 73.1 ± 29.4, 75.0 ± 27.8, and 65.6 ± 22.6 minutes, and the analytes had elimination half-lives &lt;2 hours. The 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol conjugates were present as either glucuronide or sulfate conjugates, not as mixed conjugates, although 6-gingerol and 10-gingerol were an exception.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion: Six-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol are absorbed after p.o. dosing and can be detected as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(8):1930–6)</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823493","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Suzanna M. Zick"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"1Family Medicine, Departments of"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823494","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Zora Djuric"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"1Family Medicine, Departments of"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823492","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mack T. Ruffin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"1Family Medicine, Departments of"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823489","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Amie J. Litzinger"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"1Family Medicine, Departments of"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823495","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Daniel P. Normolle"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"2Radiation Oncology, and"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823490","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sara Alrawi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"1Family Medicine, Departments of"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823488","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Meihua Rose Feng"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"4College of Pharmacy and Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137043681823491","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Dean E. Brenner"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"3Internal Medicine; and"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"10559965"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15387755"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2008-08-01","prism:volume":"17","prism:number":"8","prism:startingPage":"1930","prism:endingPage":"1936"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article-pdf/17/8/1930/2267857/1930.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2008-08-15","modifiedAt":"2022-06-10","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050304183901030528","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"6-Shogaol, an Active Component of Ginger, Inhibits p300 Histone Acetyltransferase Activity and Attenuates the Development of Pressure-Overload-Induced Heart Failure"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231254232576","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Oral intake of encapsulated dried ginger root powder hardly affects human thermoregulatory function, but appears to facilitate fat utilization"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004232275904384","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Enhanced pharmacokinetic behavior and hepatoprotective function of ginger extract-loaded supersaturable self-emulsifying drug delivery systems"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391862474752","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A modified system using macrophage-conditioned medium revealed that the indirect effects of anti-inflammatory food-derived compounds improve inflammation-induced suppression of <i>UCP-1</i> mRNA expression in 10T1/2 adipocytes"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2934"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s00484-015-0957-2_references_DOI_VkXWyAwMSJOn9BSL8zjMF7fcDp5"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.035_references_DOI_VkXWyAwMSJOn9BSL8zjMF7fcDp5"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1093/bbb/zbae033_references_DOI_VkXWyAwMSJOn9BSL8zjMF7fcDp5"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3390/nu15092232_references_DOI_VkXWyAwMSJOn9BSL8zjMF7fcDp5"}]}