{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044259526528.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/rs015i002p00243"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2FRS015i002p00243"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/RS015i002p00243"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"On the scattering and reflection mechanisms contributing to clear air radar echoes from the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesophere"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>With the advent of the MST (mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere) radar technique the atmosphere from 0 to 100 km can be observed with a single radar system. Several different mechanisms have been identified as causing the echoes observed by MST radars. Two primary mechanisms are scattering from turbulent irregularities and Fresnel (or partial) reflection from horizontal strata. Two additional mechanisms that apply primarily to the upper mesosphere are meteor scatter and thermal (or incoherent or Thomson) scatter. Below the stratopause the refractive index structure responsible for the echoes arises solely from neutral atmosphere fluctuations; above the stratopause the radar cross section of such fluctuations is enhanced by the presence of free electrons (moreover, in the absence of small‐scale neutral fluctuations the electrons alone can provide the scattered signal). This paper is an attempt to unify the scattering and reflection theories in the light of observational studies.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044259526528","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. S. Gage"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044259526529","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. B. Balsley"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00486604"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"1944799X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Radio Science"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"1980-03","prism:volume":"15","prism:number":"2","prism:startingPage":"243","prism:endingPage":"257"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2FRS015i002p00243"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/RS015i002p00243"}],"createdAt":"2008-02-06","modifiedAt":"2023-09-23","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282810825958912","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Comparisons between high-resolution profiles of squared refractive index gradient M[2]; measured by the Middle and Upper Atmosphere Radar and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) during the Shigaraki UAV-Radar Experiment 2015 campaign"},{"@value":"Comparisons between high-resolution profiles of squared refractive index gradient &lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; measured by the Middle and Upper  Atmosphere Radar and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) during the Shigaraki UAV-Radar Experiment 2015 campaign"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681483829632","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"赤道域インドネシアにおいてLバンド境界層レーダーで観測された海風循環と関連する大気現象"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Tropical Sea-breeze Circulation and Related Atmospheric Phenomena Observed with <i>L</i>-band Boundary Layer Radar in Indonesia"},{"@value":"Tropical Sea-breeze Circulation and Related Atmospheric Phenomena Observed with L-band Boundary Layer Radar in Indonesia"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/rs015i002p00243"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/angeo-35-423-2017_references_DOI_XRefiflUFtRfhiGxItZ2ghg3CIq"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj1965.78.2_123_references_DOI_XRefiflUFtRfhiGxItZ2ghg3CIq"}]}