{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044876656512.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1002/mds.25683"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fmds.25683"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mds.25683"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Characterizing freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: Models of an episodic phenomenon"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is a very disabling and common gait disorder in Parkinson's disease (PD). The first aim of this article was to provide a methodological and critical review of the most common research approach to understand FOG, ie, comparing the behavior of freezers with that of non‐freezers. The review demonstrates that studies often fall short in clearly defining the freezer\\non‐freezer groups and in controlling for disease severity and other confounders. These problems complicate data interpretation on FOG. The second aim of this article was to summarize the literature on the potential mechanisms behind the episodic nature of FOG in the following four models: (1) The <jats:italic>threshold model</jats:italic> assumes that FOG occurs when the accumulation of various motor deficits reinforce each other to a point of motor breakdown; (2) the <jats:italic>interference model</jats:italic> proposes that FOG represents an inability to deal with concurrent cognitive, limbic, and motor input, causing an interruption of locomotion; (3) the <jats:italic>cognitive model</jats:italic> views FOG as induced by a failure to process response conflict, leading to behavioral indecision; and (4) the <jats:italic>decoupling model</jats:italic> sees FOG as a disconnection between preparatory programming and the intended motor response as a result of which automatic movement generation gets stuck. These four theoretical premises are still incomplete and do not fully explain FOG. The depletion of motor and cognitive reserves and an increasingly complex response to levodopa with disease progression will also have an impact on the emergence of FOG episodes. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044876656512","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Alice Nieuwboer"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044876656513","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nir Giladi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology Tel‐Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel‐Aviv University Tel‐Aviv Israel"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"08853185"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15318257"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Movement Disorders"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Wiley"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2013-09-15","prism:volume":"28","prism:number":"11","prism:startingPage":"1509","prism:endingPage":"1519"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fmds.25683"},{"@id":"https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mds.25683"}],"createdAt":"2013-10-16","modifiedAt":"2025-10-20","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050301919497804800","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"New Insights into Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease from Spectral Dynamic Causal Modeling"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118681252480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Discussion of Research Priorities for Gait Disorders in Parkinson's Disease"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869854364505728","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Variations in Visual Search Behavior Before Freezing of Gait Episodes: A Case Series"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204330081280","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Characteristics associated with freezing of gait in actual daily living in Parkinson’s disease"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679307674752","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Accelerometer based analysis of gait initiation failure in advanced juvenile          parkinsonism: a single subject study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390579454815451392","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"パーキンソン病患者の歩行障害と測定方法について"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"パーキンソンビョウ カンジャ ノ ホコウ ショウガイ ト ソクテイ ホウホウ ニ ツイテ"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/mds.25683"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/mds.28883_references_DOI_EdVKJWWNYADglJFkMVYdZZ3UUj9"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1589/jpts.29.2151_references_DOI_EdVKJWWNYADglJFkMVYdZZ3UUj9"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3951/sobim.46.4_221_references_DOI_EdVKJWWNYADglJFkMVYdZZ3UUj9"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.7759/cureus.80892_references_DOI_EdVKJWWNYADglJFkMVYdZZ3UUj9"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/mds.29988_references_DOI_EdVKJWWNYADglJFkMVYdZZ3UUj9"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1589/jpts.8.3252_references_DOI_EdVKJWWNYADglJFkMVYdZZ3UUj9"}]}