{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044910917632.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.203.01.06"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/pdf/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.203.01.06"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Experimental constraints on shear mixing rates and processes: implications for the dilution of submarine debris flows"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Submarine debris flows show highly variable mixing behaviour. Glacigenic debris flows travel hundreds of kilometres along the sea floor without undergoing significant dilution. However, in other locations, submarine slope failures may transform into turbidity currents before exiting the continental slope. Rates and processes of mixing have not been measured directly in submarine flow events. Our present understanding of these rates and processes is based on experimental and theoretical constraints. Significant experimental and theoretical work has been completed in recent years to constrain rates of shear mixing between static layers of sediment and overlying turbulent flows of water. This work was driven by a need to predict transport of fluid mud and the erosion of cohesive mud beds in shallow water settings such as estuaries, docks and shipping channels. These experimental measurements show that the critical shear stress necessary to initiate shear mixing (around 0.1 to 2 Pa) is typically several orders of magnitude lower than the yield strength of the debris. Shear mixing should initiate at relatively low velocities (about 10–200 cm s\n            <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>\n            ) on the upper surface of a submarine debris flow, at even lower velocities at its head (about 1–10 cm s\n            <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>\n            ), and play an important role in mixing over-ridden water into the debris flow. Addition of small amounts of mud (approximately 3% kaolin) to a sand bed dramatically reduces the rate of mixing at its boundary, and changes the processes by which sediment is removed. Estimates are presented for rates of shear mixing at a given flow velocity, and for the critical velocity necessary for hydroplaning or a transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Although these estimates are crude, and highlight the need for further experimental work, they illustrate the potential for highly variable mixing behaviour in submarine flow events.\n          </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381131421817323792","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. J. Talling"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol\rQueens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917762","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Peakall"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds\rLeeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917638","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. S. J. Sparks"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol\rQueens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917633","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Ó Cofaigh"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Scott Polar Research Institute and Department of Geography, University of Cambridge\rCambridge CB2 1ER, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917764","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. A. Dowdeswell"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Scott Polar Research Institute and Department of Geography, University of Cambridge\rCambridge CB2 1ER, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917761","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Felix"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds\rLeeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917637","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. B. Wynn"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Challenger Division, Southampton Oceanography Centre\rEuropean Way, Southampton, Hampshire SO14 3ZH, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917632","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. H. Baas"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds\rLeeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917636","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. J. Hogg"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol\rBristol BS8 1TW, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917760","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. G. Masson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Challenger Division, Southampton Oceanography Centre\rEuropean Way, Southampton, Hampshire SO14 3ZH, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917635","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Taylor"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Centre for Glaciology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales\rAberystwyth SY23 3DB, Wales, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137044910917634","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. P. E. Weaver"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Challenger Division, Southampton Oceanography Centre\rEuropean Way, Southampton, Hampshire SO14 3ZH, UK"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"03058719"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20414927"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Geological Society of London"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2002-01","prism:volume":"203","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"89","prism:endingPage":"103"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-002"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/pdf/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.203.01.06"}],"createdAt":"2008-04-30","modifiedAt":"2024-07-23","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051714792001117440","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Spatial distribution and sources of tsunami deposits in a narrow valley setting - insight from 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami deposits in northeastern Japan"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.203.01.06"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-019-0318-6_references_DOI_GJAjCNjCprKfego0Ks1hbIaAoMX"}]}