{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045679570816.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2018sw001880"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2018SW001880"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018SW001880"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2018SW001880"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018SW001880"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The occurrence of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) poses serious threats to modern technological infrastructure. Large GICs result from sharp variations of the geomagnetic field (d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic>) caused by changes of large‐scale magnetospheric and ionospheric currents. Intense d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> perturbations are known to occur often in high‐latitude regions as a result of storm time substorms. Magnetospheric compressions usually caused by interplanetary shocks increase the magnetopause current leading to d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> perturbations more evident in midlatitude to low‐latitude regions, while they increase the equatorial electrojet current leading to d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> perturbations in dayside equatorial regions. We investigate the effects of shock impact angles and speeds on the subsequent d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> perturbations with a database of 547 shocks observed at the L1 point. By adopting the threshold of d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> = 100 nT/min, identified as a risk factor to power systems, we find that d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> generally surpasses this threshold when following impacts of high‐speed and nearly frontal shocks in dayside high‐latitude locations. The same trend occurs at lower latitudes and for all nightside events but with fewer high‐risk events. Particularly, we found nine events in equatorial locations with d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> > 100 nT/min. All events were caused by high‐speed and nearly frontal shock impacts and were observed by stations located around noon local time. These high‐risk perturbations were caused by sudden strong and symmetric magnetospheric compressions, more effectively intensifying the equatorial electrojet current, leading to sharp d<jats:italic>B</jats:italic>/d<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> perturbations. We suggest that these results may provide insights for GIC forecasting aiming at preventing degradation of power systems due to GICs.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380853567696423814","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. M. Oliveira"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute University of Maryland, Baltimore County  Baltimore MD USA"},{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570945","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Arel"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physics and EOS Space Science Center University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570946","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Raeder"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physics and EOS Space Science Center University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570947","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. Zesta"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570818","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. M. Ngwira"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"},{"@value":"Department of Physics Catholic University of America  Washington DC USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570817","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. A. Carter"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"SPACE Research Centre RMIT University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570949","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. Yizengaw"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Scientific Research Boston College  Boston MA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570944","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. J. Halford"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"The Aerospace Corporation  Chantilly VA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570816","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. T. Tsurutani"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology  Pasadena CA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045679570948","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. W. Gjerloev"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory  Laurel MD USA"},{"@value":"Birkeland Centre of Excellence University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"15427390"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15427390"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Space Weather"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2018-06","prism:volume":"16","prism:number":"6","prism:startingPage":"636","prism:endingPage":"647"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2018SW001880"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018SW001880"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2018SW001880"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018SW001880"}],"createdAt":"2018-05-16","modifiedAt":"2023-09-18","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360290617746055168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An Analysis of Trouvelot's Auroral Drawing on 1/2 March 1872: Plausible Evidence for Recurrent Geomagnetic Storms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567699482240","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Estimating Satellite Orbital Drag During Historical Magnetic Superstorms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857593768399488","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The extreme solar and geomagnetic storms on 1940 March 20–25"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050307417119869824","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A possible case of sporadic aurora observed at Rio de Janeiro"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018sw001880"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2020ja028227_references_DOI_96mmRKcR7nO8usYRdVuF9tB7Ljs"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-020-01208-z_references_DOI_96mmRKcR7nO8usYRdVuF9tB7Ljs"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2020sw002472_references_DOI_96mmRKcR7nO8usYRdVuF9tB7Ljs"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1093/mnras/stab3615_references_DOI_96mmRKcR7nO8usYRdVuF9tB7Ljs"}]}