{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045880924928.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/jcli-d-12-00558.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article-pdf/26/19/7372/4011042/jcli-d-12-00558_1.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Climate Change from 1850 to 2005 Simulated in CESM1(WACCM)"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) now includes an atmospheric component that extends in altitude to the lower thermosphere. This atmospheric model, known as the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), includes fully interactive chemistry, allowing, for example, a self-consistent representation of the development and recovery of the stratospheric ozone hole and its effect on the troposphere. This paper focuses on analysis of an ensemble of transient simulations using CESM1(WACCM), covering the period from the preindustrial era to present day, conducted as part of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Variability in the stratosphere, such as that associated with stratospheric sudden warmings and the development of the ozone hole, is in good agreement with observations. The signals of these phenomena propagate into the troposphere, influencing near-surface winds, precipitation rates, and the extent of sea ice. In comparison of tropospheric climate change predictions with those from a version of CESM that does not fully resolve the stratosphere, the global-mean temperature trends are indistinguishable. However, systematic differences do exist in other climate variables, particularly in the extratropics. The magnitude of the difference can be as large as the climate change response itself. This indicates that the representation of stratosphere–troposphere coupling could be a major source of uncertainty in climate change projections in CESM.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045880924929","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Daniel R. Marsh"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045880924800","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Michael J. Mills"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045880924928","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Douglas E. Kinnison"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045880924931","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jean-Francois Lamarque"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045880924801","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Natalia Calvo"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137045880924930","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Lorenzo M. Polvani"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Columbia University, New York, New York"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"08948755"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15200442"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Climate"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2013-09-24","prism:volume":"26","prism:number":"19","prism:startingPage":"7372","prism:endingPage":"7391"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article-pdf/26/19/7372/4011042/jcli-d-12-00558_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2013-05-09","modifiedAt":"2020-12-07","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001335808211712","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Sunset–sunrise difference in solar occultation ozone measurements (SAGE II, HALOE, and ACE–FTS) and its relationship to tidal vertical winds"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001338210504192","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Zonally uniform tidal oscillations in the tropical stratosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002221119144704","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233291124352","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Stratospheric Injection of Brominated Very Short‐Lived Substances: Aircraft Observations in the Western Pacific and Representation in Global Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142928238336","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Projecting ozone hole recovery using an ensemble of chemistry–climate models weighted by model performance and independence"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168733553408","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simulated seasonal impact on middle atmospheric ozone from high-energy electron precipitation related to pulsating aurorae"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168837904640","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mapping Yearly Fine Resolution Global Surface Ozone through the Bayesian Maximum Entropy Data Fusion of Observations and Model Output for 1990–2017"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021389808951680","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weakening of springtime Arctic ozone depletion with climate change"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391867828224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluating modelled tropospheric columns of CH\n                    <sub>4</sub>\n                    , CO, and O\n                    <sub>3</sub>\n                    in the Arctic using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391876032512","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Observed and Modeled Mountain Waves from the Surface to the Mesosphere near the Drake Passage"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360022307172238848","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effect of atmospheric nudging on the stratospheric residual\ncirculation in chemistry-climate models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285704784784256","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluating Impacts of Recent Arctic Sea Ice Loss on the Northern Hemisphere Winter Climate Change"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285715172899584","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Overview of experiment design and comparison of models\nparticipating in phase 1 of the SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation\ninitiative (QBOi)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294643714285568","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Climatology of the main (24-h and 12-h) tides observed by meteor radars at Svalbard and Tromsø: Comparison with the models CMAM-DAS and WACCM-X"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294643748549376","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Role of Flare‐Driven Ionospheric Electron Density Changes on the Doppler Flash Observed by SuperDARN HF Radars"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298754817222272","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interhemispheric differences of mesosphere–lower thermosphere winds and tides investigated from three whole-atmosphere models and meteor radar observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360306905162698880","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Influence of meteoric smoke particles on the incoherent scatter measured with EISCAT VHF"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565166758027776","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Solar forcing synchronizes decadal North Atlantic climate variability"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567183244966400","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Revisiting the Mystery of Recent Stratospheric Temperature Trends"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567190136689408","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The representation of solar cycle signals in stratospheric ozone –  Part 2: Analysis of global models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118681243520","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Oceanic forcing of the global warming slowdown in multi‐model simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567389435648","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Detection and attribution of wildfire pollution in the Arctic and northern midlatitudes using a network of Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers and GEOS-Chem"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362257544821942912","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Clear-sky ultraviolet radiation modelling using output from the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362820494775628032","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A machine learning examination of hydroxyl radical differences among model simulations for CCMI-1"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951793858116224","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Large-scale tropospheric transport in the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680198651520","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A Quantitative Estimation of the Transport of Surface Emissions from Different Regions into the Stratosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050870367078673408","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A review of the SCOSTEP’s 5-year scientific program VarSITI—Variability of the Sun and Its Terrestrial Impact"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/jcli-d-12-00558.1"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/gmd-10-639-2017_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2017jd027978_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-20-9961-2020_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/angeo-39-883-2021_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1021/acs.est.0c07742_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-021-00410-1_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-23-10235-2023_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-24-1079-2024_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/jas-d-21-0252.1_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-18-7217-2018_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2015gl066054_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2017gl076502_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105339_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2021ja029300_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/angeo-42-213-2024_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1038/ncomms9268_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018gl078035_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-15-829-2015_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/joc.6548_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/gmd-11-1009-2018_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-20-12813-2020_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2016-015_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-19-10087-2019_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-20-1341-2020_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-19-11559-2019_references_DOI_Df4dm6M8QSoY8RQvgIS9CNUcxnd"}]}