{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046540433280.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.3390/ijms18030523"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/3/523/pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Nattokinase: An Oral Antithrombotic Agent for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Natto, a fermented soybean product, has been consumed as a traditional food in Japan for thousands of years. Nattokinase (NK), a potent blood-clot dissolving protein used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, is produced by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of soybeans to produce Natto. NK has been extensively studied in Japan, Korea, and China. Recently, the fibrinolytic (anti-clotting) capacity of NK has been recognized by Western medicine. The National Science Foundation in the United States has investigated and evaluated the safety of NK. NK is currently undergoing a clinical trial study (Phase II) in the USA for atherothrombotic prevention. Multiple NK genes have been cloned, characterized, and produced in various expression system studies. Recombinant technology represents a promising approach for the production of NK with high purity for its use in antithrombotic applications. This review covers the history, benefit, safety, and production of NK. Opportunities for utilizing plant systems for the large-scale production of NK, or for the production of edible plants that can be used to provide oral delivery of NK without extraction and purification are also discussed.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137046540433152","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yunqi Weng"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266005, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137046540433282","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jian Yao"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266005, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137046540433280","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sawyer Sparks"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University at Broken Arrow, Broken Arrow, OK 74014, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381137046540433281","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kevin Wang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University at Broken Arrow, Broken Arrow, OK 74014, USA"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"14220067"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"MDPI AG"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2017-02-28","prism:volume":"18","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"523"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/3/523/pdf"}],"createdAt":"2017-02-28","modifiedAt":"2025-10-11","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050848249856263168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Evaluation of amyloid β42 aggregation inhibitory activity of commercial dressings by a microliter-scale high-throughput screening system using quantum-dot nanoprobes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142688845568","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Unsaturated fatty acids enhance the fibrinolytic activity of subtilisin NAT (nattokinase)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567182229387904","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of protein digestibility of fermented soybeans and changes in biochemical characteristics of digested fractions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390572174428526848","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Polysaccharides of a fermented food, natto, suppress sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in an <i>in vivo</i> evaluation system and inhibit glucose uptake by human intestinal cells"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390861618045111168","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"High poly-γ-glutamic acid-containing natto improves lipid metabolism and alters intestinal microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3390/ijms18030523"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1111/jfbc.13326_references_DOI_2zQQJ6ncF9MWAsVpE7s1E5K4uzJ"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.046_references_DOI_2zQQJ6ncF9MWAsVpE7s1E5K4uzJ"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3164/jcbn.23-35_references_DOI_2zQQJ6ncF9MWAsVpE7s1E5K4uzJ"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5582/ddt.2020.01002_references_DOI_2zQQJ6ncF9MWAsVpE7s1E5K4uzJ"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3390/foods9060825_references_DOI_2zQQJ6ncF9MWAsVpE7s1E5K4uzJ"}]}