{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418518743757952.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/jas-d-11-080.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/69/3/1118/3626534/jas-d-11-080_1.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Cooling of Entrained Parcels in a Large-Eddy Simulation"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The relative importance, for cloud-top entrainment, of the cooling rates due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing was assessed through analysis of the results produced by a Lagrangian parcel-tracking model (LPTM) incorporated into a large-eddy simulation model. The LPTM predicts each parcel’s trajectory over time, using the resolved velocity simulated by the host model. An LPTM makes it possible to identify entrained parcels; this is almost impossible to do in an observational study.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>A nocturnal stratocumulus cloud was simulated over 4h using a 5-m horizontal grid spacing and a 2.5-m vertical grid spacing. At the start of the last hour of the simulation, over 40 million parcels were placed near the top of the inversion layer and then tracked. Parcel histories were analyzed to identify entrained parcels.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Entrainment occurs in cloud holes, which occur in dry regions of sinking air. Entrainment into the mixed layer is regulated by buoyancy, which requires parcels to be precooled in the inversion layer, prior to entrainment. A mixing fraction analysis was used to separate the cooling due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing. Results show that radiative and evaporative cooling are of comparable importance, but that mixing is by far the dominant cooling mechanism. The radiative cooling rate is strongly inhomogeneous, and only weak radiative cooling is found in regions of entrainment. Therefore, the entrained parcels experience less than the horizontal-mean radiative cooling. Although radiative cooling maintains the boundary layer turbulence, its direct effect on buoyancy of entrained parcels is modest.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381418518743757952","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Takanobu Yamaguchi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, and NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381418518743757953","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David A Randall"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00224928"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15200469"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2012-03-01","prism:volume":"69","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"1118","prism:endingPage":"1136"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/69/3/1118/3626534/jas-d-11-080_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2011-10-11","modifiedAt":"2020-12-07","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360023720970200320","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Simulation of marine stratocumulus using the super-droplet method: numerical convergence and comparison to a double-moment bulk scheme using SCALE-SDM 5.2.6-2.3.1"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285708269479424","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Numerical Convergence of Shallow Convection Cloud Field Simulations: Comparison Between Double‐Moment Eulerian and Particle‐Based Lagrangian Microphysics Coupled to the Same Dynamical Core"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118731706880","@type":"Article","resourceType":"preprint","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Intra-cloud Microphysical Variability Obtained from Large-eddy Simulations using the Super-droplet Method"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681480177792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A Numerical Study of a Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary-Layer: Relations of Decaying Clouds with a Stability Parameter across Inversion"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"A Numerical Study of a Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary-Layer: Relations of Decaying Clouds with a Stability Parameter across Inversion"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051996267026447488","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impacts of cloud microphysics on trade wind cumulus : which cloud microphysics processes contribute to the diversity in a large eddy simulation？"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/jas-d-11-080.1"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018ms001285_references_DOI_ClhRSYDGZfBkvjzuZSFzKKzaK8q"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2013-601_references_DOI_ClhRSYDGZfBkvjzuZSFzKKzaK8q"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-015-0053-6_references_DOI_ClhRSYDGZfBkvjzuZSFzKKzaK8q"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/essoar.10508672.1_references_DOI_ClhRSYDGZfBkvjzuZSFzKKzaK8q"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/gmd-17-5167-2024_references_DOI_ClhRSYDGZfBkvjzuZSFzKKzaK8q"}]}