{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699993400475904.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.3390/ijerph8020613"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/8/2/613/pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Tobacco smoke is a toxic and carcinogenic mixture of more than 5,000 chemicals. The present article provides a list of 98 hazardous smoke components, based on an extensive literature search for known smoke components and their human health inhalation risks. An electronic database of smoke components containing more than 2,200 entries was generated. Emission levels in mainstream smoke have been found for 542 of the components and a human inhalation risk value for 98 components. As components with potential carcinogenic, cardiovascular and respiratory effects have been included, the three major smoke-related causes of death are all covered by the list. Given that the currently used Hoffmann list of hazardous smoke components is based on data from the 1990s and only includes carcinogens, it is recommended that the current list of 98 hazardous components is used for regulatory purposes instead. To enable risk assessment of components not covered by this list, thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC) have been established from the inhalation risk values found: 0.0018 µg day−1 for all risks, and 1.2 µg day−1 for all risks excluding carcinogenicity, the latter being similar to previously reported inhalation TTCs.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993400475778","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Reinskje Talhout"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993400475904","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Thomas Schulz"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993400475779","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ewa Florek"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993400475777","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jan Van Benthem"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993400475776","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Piet Wester"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"@value":"Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993400475905","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Antoon Opperhuizen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"16604601"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"MDPI AG"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2011-02-23","prism:volume":"8","prism:number":"2","prism:startingPage":"613","prism:endingPage":"628"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/8/2/613/pdf"}],"createdAt":"2011-02-23","modifiedAt":"2025-10-11","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050283688010612480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Adaptive Responses to Electrophilic Stress and Reactive Sulfur Species as their Regulator Molecules"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004236822734848","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reduced transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 expression in alveolar macrophages causes COPD in mice through impaired phagocytic activity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005520486849152","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ibudilast attenuates doxorubicin‐induced cytotoxicity by suppressing formation of TRPC3 channel and NADPH oxidase 2 protein complexes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285706913657984","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A sensitive method for the determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream and sidestream smokes of combustion cigarettes and heated tobacco products by online in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285707288024064","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Analysis of nicotine and cotinine in hair by on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285710815095680","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Cigarette smoke directly impairs skeletal muscle function through capillary regression and altered myofibre calcium kinetics in mice"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567182344665344","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Molecular mechanisms for nicotine intoxication"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567183433209984","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Disruption of the structural and functional features of surfactant protein A by acrolein in cigarette smoke"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118801106048","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Risk Assessment of Passive Smoking Based on Analysis of Hair Nicotine and Cotinine as Exposure Biomarkers by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled On-Line to LC-MS/MS"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360588380162649088","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Cytotoxic effects of the cigarette smoke extract of heated tobacco products on human oral squamous cell carcinoma: the role of reactive oxygen species and CaMKK2"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567489592576","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effect of combined exposure to environmental aliphatic electrophiles from plants on Keap1/Nrf2 activation and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells: A model of an electrophile exposome"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567599439360","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Cigarette Smoke Underlies the Pathogenesis of Palmoplantar Pustulosis via an IL-17A–Induced Production of IL-36γ in Tonsillar Epithelial Cells"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360863722440150272","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Frequency of gastroschisis and omphalocele and possible influence of maternal folic acid supplementation. 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