{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699993915480448.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01366.x"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1046%2Fj.1365-313X.2002.01366.x"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01366.x"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"30014608277"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Insect‐resistant transgenic plants in a multi‐trophic context"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>So far, genetic engineering of plants in the context of insect pest control has involved insertion of genes that code for toxins, and may be characterized as the incorporation of biopesticides into classical plant breeding. In the context of pesticide usage in pest control, natural enemies of herbivores have received increasing attention, because carnivorous arthropods are an important component of insect pest control. However, in plant breeding programmes, natural enemies of herbivores have largely been ignored, although there are many examples that show that plant breeding affects the effectiveness of biological control. Negative influences of modified plant characteristics on carnivorous arthropods may induce population growth of new, even more harmful pest species that had no pest status prior to the pesticide treatment. Sustainable pest management will only be possible when negative effects on non‐target, beneficial arthropods are minimized. In this review, we summarize the effects of insect‐resistant crops and insect‐resistant transgenic crops, especially Bt crops, from a food web perspective. As food web components, we distinguish target herbivores, non‐target herbivores, pollinators, parasitoids and predators. Below‐ground organisms such as Collembola, nematodes and earthworms should also be included in risk assessment studies, but have received little attention. The toxins produced in Bt plants retain their toxicity when bound to the soil, so accumulation of these toxins is likely to occur. Earthworms ingest the bound toxins but are not affected by them. However, earthworms may function as intermediaries through which the toxins are passed on to other trophic levels. In studies where effects of insect‐resistant (Bt) plants on natural enemies were considered, positive, negative and no effects have been found. So far, most studies have concentrated on natural enemies of target herbivores. However, Bt toxins are structurally rearranged when they bind to midgut receptors, so that they are likely to lose their toxicity inside target herbivores. What happens to the toxins in non‐target herbivores, and whether these herbivores may act as intermediaries through which the toxins may be passed on to the natural enemies, remains to be studied.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993915480448","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Astrid T. Groot"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699993915480449","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Marcel Dicke"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"09607412"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"1365313X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"The Plant Journal"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Wiley"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2002-08","prism:volume":"31","prism:number":"4","prism:startingPage":"387","prism:endingPage":"406"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1046%2Fj.1365-313X.2002.01366.x"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01366.x"}],"createdAt":"2003-03-12","modifiedAt":"2024-12-09","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206448390784","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"害虫抵抗性遺伝子組換え作物が非標的昆虫に及ぼす影響：現在までの研究事例"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Influence of Transgenic Insecticidal Crops on Non-target insects: Overview from the Data to Date"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ガイチュウ テイコウセイ イデンシ クミカエ サクモツ ガ ヒヒョウテキ コンチュウ ニ オヨボス エイキョウ ゲンザイ マデ ノ ケンキュウ ジレイ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679268589184","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"害虫抵抗性遺伝子組換え作物が非標的節足動物に及ぼす影響"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Influence of transgenic insecticidal crops on non-target arthropods: a review."},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ガイチュウ テイコウセイ イデンシ クミカエ サクモツ ガ ヒヒョウテキ セッソク ドウブツ ニ オヨボス エイキョウ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681426906752","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Nontarget Effect of Transgenic Insecticidal Crops: Overview to Date and Future Challenges."},{"@language":"ja","@value":"害虫抵抗性遺伝子組換え作物による非標的生物への影響　　現在までの研究事例と今後の課題"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ガイチュウ テイコウセイ イデンシ クミカエ サクモツ ニ ヨル ヒヒョウテキ セイブツ エノ エイキョウ ゲンザイ マデノ ケンキュウ ジレイ ト コンゴ ノ カダイ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520010380733129216","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Bottom-up trophic cascades and material transfer in terrestrial food webs"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Bottom up trophic cascades and material transfer in terrestrial food webs"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01366.x"},{"@type":"CIA","@value":"30014608277"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1303/jjaez.2007.165_references_DOI_JXKh0HAU86dAKMq3ALj6bfnFVlF"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1303/jjaez.2003.1_references_DOI_JXKh0HAU86dAKMq3ALj6bfnFVlF"}]}