{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994136421632.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1152/japplphysiol.01177.2001"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.01177.2001"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>The costs of walking (Cw) and running (Cr) were measured on 10 runners on a treadmill inclined between −0.45 to +0.45 at different speeds. The minimum Cw was 1.64 ± 0.50 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>at a 1.0 ± 0.3 m/s speed on the level. It increased on positive slopes, attained 17.33 ± 1.11 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>at +0.45, and was reduced to 0.81 ± 0.37 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>at −0.10. At steeper slopes, it increased to reach 3.46 ± 0.95 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>at −0.45. Cr was 3.40 ± 0.24 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>on the level, independent of speed. It increased on positive slopes, attained 18.93 ± 1.74 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>at +0.45, and was reduced to 1.73 ± 0.36 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>at −0.20. At steeper slopes, it increased to reach 3.92 ± 0.81 J · kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>· m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>at −0.45. The mechanical efficiencies of walking and running above +0.15 and below −0.15 attained those of concentric and eccentric muscular contraction, respectively. The optimum gradients for mountain paths approximated 0.20–0.30 for both gaits. Downhill, Cr was some 40% lower than reported in the literature for sedentary subjects. The estimated maximum running speeds on positive gradients corresponded to those adopted in uphill races; on negative gradients they were well above those attained in downhill competitions.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994136421632","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Alberto E. Minetti"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Centre for Biophysical and Clinical Research into Human Movement, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Alsager, Cheshire ST7 2HL, United Kingdom; and"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994136421634","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Christian Moia"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Département de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994136421636","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Giulio S. Roi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Medical Committee, Federation for Sport at Altitude, 13900 Biella, Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994136421635","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Davide Susta"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Département de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994136421633","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Guido Ferretti"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Département de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland;"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"87507587"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15221601"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Applied Physiology"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Physiological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2002-09-01","prism:volume":"93","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"1039","prism:endingPage":"1046"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.01177.2001"}],"createdAt":"2015-03-03","modifiedAt":"2022-05-01","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021390585425536","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Assessment of the Improvement of Public Transport in Hillside Cities Considering the Impact of Topography on Walking Choices"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360283691140089472","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Is a hilly neighborhood environment associated with diabetes mellitus among older people? 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