{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994529982592.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1073/pnas.0812721106"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0812721106"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>\n                    The severity of damaging human-induced climate change depends not only on the magnitude of the change but also on the potential for irreversibility. This paper shows that the climate change that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible for 1,000 years after emissions stop. Following cessation of emissions, removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases radiative forcing, but is largely compensated by slower loss of heat to the ocean, so that atmospheric temperatures do not drop significantly for at least 1,000 years. Among illustrative irreversible impacts that should be expected if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase from current levels near 385 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to a peak of 450–600 ppmv over the coming century are irreversible dry-season rainfall reductions in several regions comparable to those of the “dust bowl” era and inexorable sea level rise. Thermal expansion of the warming ocean provides a conservative lower limit to irreversible global average sea level rise of at least 0.4–1.0 m if 21st century CO\n                    <jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\n                    concentrations exceed 600 ppmv and 0.6–1.9 m for peak CO\n                    <jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\n                    concentrations exceeding ≈1,000 ppmv. Additional contributions from glaciers and ice sheet contributions to future sea level rise are uncertain but may equal or exceed several meters over the next millennium or longer.\n                  </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994529982593","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Susan Solomon"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994529982594","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gian-Kasper Plattner"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994529982720","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Reto Knutti"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland; and"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994529982592","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Pierre Friedlingstein"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1572 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique–Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique-Saclay, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00278424"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10916490"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2009-02-10","prism:volume":"106","prism:number":"6","prism:startingPage":"1704","prism:endingPage":"1709"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0812721106"}],"createdAt":"2009-01-28","modifiedAt":"2022-04-12","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360003443650187520","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Temperature-associated suicide mortality: contrasting roles of climatic warming and the suicide prevention program in Finland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233583375488","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The crucial roles of MgCl<sub>2</sub> as a non-innocent additive in the Ni-catalyzed carboxylation of benzyl halide with CO<sub>2</sub>"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004240186199040","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Absorbing aerosol in the troposphere of the Western Arctic during the 2008 ARCTAS/ARCPAC airborne field campaigns"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360016862083866880","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Lignin Derived Carbon Electrodes for Hydrocarbon Formation by Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017279872197632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Prediction of CO–NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>Emissions from a Natural Gas Power Plant Using Proper Machine Learning Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360025429436763136","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mapping seamless monthly XCO2 in East Asia: Utilizing OCO-2 data and machine learning"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285706186482432","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reduced Symbiodiniaceae diversity in Palythoa tuberculosa at a heavily acidified coral reef"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298757163312128","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Is Climate Change Induced by Humans? 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