{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994822220416.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/2009mwr2989.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/mwr/article-pdf/138/2/293/4254202/2009mwr2989_1.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Clouds in Tropical Cyclones"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Clouds within the inner regions of tropical cyclones are unlike those anywhere else in the atmosphere. Convective clouds contributing to cyclogenesis have rotational and deep intense updrafts but tend to have relatively weak downdrafts. Within the eyes of mature tropical cyclones, stratus clouds top a boundary layer capped by subsidence. An outward-sloping eyewall cloud is controlled by adjustment of the vortex toward gradient-wind balance, which is maintained by a slantwise current transporting boundary layer air upward in a nearly conditionally symmetric neutral state. This balance is intermittently upset by buoyancy arising from high-moist-static-energy air entering the base of the eyewall because of the radial influx of low-level air from the far environment, supergradient wind in the eyewall zone, and/or small-scale intense subvortices. The latter contain strong, erect updrafts. Graupel particles and large raindrops produced in the eyewall fall out relatively quickly while ice splinters left aloft surround the eyewall, and aggregates are advected radially outward and azimuthally up to 1.5 times around the cyclone before melting and falling as stratiform precipitation. Electrification of the eyewall cloud is controlled by its outward-sloping circulation. Outside the eyewall, a quasi-stationary principal rainband contains convective cells with overturning updrafts and two types of downdrafts, including a deep downdraft on the band’s inner edge. Transient secondary rainbands exhibit propagation characteristics of vortex Rossby waves. Rainbands can coalesce into a secondary eyewall separated from the primary eyewall by a moat that takes on the structure of an eye. Distant rainbands, outside the region dominated by vortex dynamics, consist of cumulonimbus clouds similar to non–tropical storm convection.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699994822220416","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Robert A. Houze"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15200493"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00270644"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Monthly Weather Review"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2010-02-01","prism:volume":"138","prism:number":"2","prism:startingPage":"293","prism:endingPage":"344"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/mwr/article-pdf/138/2/293/4254202/2009mwr2989_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2009-07-09","modifiedAt":"2025-02-10","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050301927790407040","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Global cloud-permitting simulations of Typhoon Fengshen (2008)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002214351569792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The role of ocean‐atmosphere interaction in <scp>T</scp>yphoon <scp>S</scp>inlaku (2008) using a regional coupled data assimilation system"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004230877341824","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"3-Dimensional Classification and Visualization of Clouds Simulated by Cloud-Resolving Atmospheric General Circulation Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004236560264704","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Relationship between Convective Bursts and Warm-Core Intensification in a Nonhydrostatic Simulation of Typhoon Lionrock (2016)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005514860703104","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mesoscale precipitation systems and their role in the rapid development of a monsoon depression over the Bay of Bengal"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005518817096064","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Complex networks for tracking extreme rainfall during typhoons"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021391878410752","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Transport in Helical Fluid Turbulence"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360022497404760064","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Is the Increasing Trend in the Environmental Upper-Ocean Heat Content in the Northwest Pacific Strengthening Tropical Cyclone Intensity?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285711322374144","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interactions between Typhoon Choi-wan (2009) and the Kuroshio Extension System"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567186128260480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Extraction, classification and visualization of 3-dimensional clouds simulated by cloud-resolving atmospheric model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118688349184","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Deep Eye Clouds in Tropical Cyclone Trami (2018) during T-PARCII Dropsonde Observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360846641639342592","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effect of planetary boundary layer schemes on the development of intense tropical cyclones using a cloud‐resolving model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001205222484992","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Intensification of Typhoon Danas (1324) Captured by MTSAT Upper Tropospheric Atmospheric Motion Vectors"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390003825199840512","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The Diurnal Cycle of Clouds in Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific Basin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681481462144","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Dual-Doppler Radar Investigation of a Convective Rainband during the Impact of the Southwesterly Monsoonal Flow on the Circulation of Typhoon Morakot (2009)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282763071807488","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Relation of Convective Bursts to Changes in the Intensity of Typhoon Lionrock (2016) during the Decay Phase Simulated by an Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Coupled Model"},{"@value":"Special Edition on Tropical Cyclones in 2015-2016 : Relation of Convective Bursts to Changes in the Intensity of Typhoon Lionrock (2016) during the Decay Phase Simulated by an Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Coupled Model"},{"@value":"Mechanisms of cloud–radiation interaction in the tropics and midlatitudes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390564238098706560","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Air-Sea Coupled Data Assimilation Experiment for Typhoons Kilo, Etau and the September 2015 Kanto-Tohoku Heavy Rainfall with the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 Sea Surface Temperature"},{"@value":"Special Edition on Tropical Cyclones in 2015-2016 : Air-Sea Coupled Data Assimilation Experiment for Typhoons Kilo, Etau and the September 2015 Kanto-Tohoku Heavy Rainfall with the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 Sea Surface Temperature"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390581401102849408","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Heavy Rainfall on the North Side of Western Japan Induced by Typhoon Lan (2023): Roles of High Sea Surface Temperature over the Sea of Japan and a Terrain-Induced Mesoscale Low"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842089639168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model : description and development"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/2009mwr2989.1"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2017jc012750_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/978-981-10-2669-0_7_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40562-016-0064-1_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/qj.3672_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1063/1.5004480_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/9781119841715.ch3_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-014-0018-1_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1155/2013/859810_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2016-029_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1142/s1793962317500519_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2019-029_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2014-406_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2020-019_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/jas-d-21-0192.1_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2024-015_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/978-3-031-63186-3_5_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2011jd016582_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2018-052_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/mwr-d-18-0457.1_references_DOI_PISJNHK47hhvR4Z7sSHD3LyNMU7"}]}