{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995561189632.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1023/b:joce.0000038344.25081.42"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038344.25081.42.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038344.25081.42/fulltext.html"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"North Pacific Intermediate Water: Progress in SAGE (SubArctic Gyre Experiment) and Related Projects"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"We survey the recent progress in studies of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) in SAGE (SubArctic Gyre Experiment), including important results obtained from related projects. Intensive observations have provided the transport distributions relating to NPIW and revealed the existence of the cross-wind-driven gyre Oyashio water transport that flows directly from the subarctic to subtropical gyres through the western boundary current as well as the diffusive contribution across the subarctic front. The anthropogenic CO2 transport into NPIW has been estimated. The northern part of NPIW in the Transition Domain east of Japan is transported to the Gulf of Alaska, feeding the mesothermal (intermediate temperature maximum) structure in the North Pacific subarctic region where deep convection is restricted by the strong halocline maintained by the warm and salty water transport originating from NPIW. This heat and salt transport is mostly balanced by the cooling and freshening in the formation of dense shelf water accompanied by sea-ice formation and convection in the Okhotsk Sea. Intensive observational and modeling studies have substantially altered our view of the intermediate-depth circulation in the North Pacific. NPIW circulations are related to diapycnal-meridional overturning, generated around the Okhotsk Sea due to tide-induced diapycnal mixing and dense shelf water formation accompanied by sea-ice formation in the Okhotsk Sea. This overturning circulation may possibly explain the direct cross-gyre transport through the Oyashio along the western boundary from the subarctic to subtropical gyres."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995561189632","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ichiro Yasuda"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"09168370"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"1573868X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Oceanography"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2004-04","prism:volume":"60","prism:number":"2","prism:startingPage":"385","prism:endingPage":"395"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining","https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining"],"url":[{"@id":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038344.25081.42.pdf"},{"@id":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038344.25081.42/fulltext.html"}],"createdAt":"2004-08-18","modifiedAt":"2025-06-27","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050581766260750336","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Subarctic-scale transport of 134Cs to ocean surface off northeastern Japan in 2020"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002221115277056","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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dissolved oxygen after the mid‐1980s in the western North Pacific subtropical gyre along the 137°E repeat section"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004236557287936","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Assessment of the Effects of Tidal Mixing in the Kuril Straits on the Formation of the North Pacific Intermediate Water"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004240192231040","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Bottom water variability in the subtropical northwestern Pacific from 26 kyr BP to present based on Mg / Ca and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of benthic foraminifera"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142930943616","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Lateral variations of 134Cs and 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phytoplankton assemblages to iron availability and mixing water masses during the spring bloom in the Oyashio region, NW Pacific"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285706358195840","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Quasi-decadal modulations of North Pacific Intermediate Water area in the cross section along the 137°E meridian: impact of the Aleutian Low activity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285707077889792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Delineating the boundary and structure of higher trophic level assemblages in the western North Pacific Ocean"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285708268572160","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Oyashio Nutrient Stream and Its Nutrient 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(2024). Tracing sediment-affected water masses from coastal areas to offshore oceans using in situ sensing of fluorescent organic matter. 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foraminifera"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679357822336","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"北太平洋域における10年規模の気候変動と海洋低次生態系の応答"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Response of lower trophic level ecosystems to decadal scale variation of climate system in the North Pacific Ocean"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"キタタイヘイヨウイキ ニ オケル 10ネン キボ ノ キコウ ヘンドウ ト カイヨウ テイジ セイタイケイ ノ オウトウ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282752321590912","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Studies on the formation, transport and modification of North Pacific Intermediate Water"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"北太平洋中層水の形成・輸送・変質過程に関する研究"},{"@value":"2011年度日本海洋学会賞受賞記念論文 北太平洋中層水の形成・輸送・変質過程に関する研究"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"2011ネンド ニホン カイヨウ ガッカイショウ ジュショウ キネン ロンブン キタタイヘイヨウ チュウソウスイ ノ ケイセイ ・ ユソウ ・ ヘンシツ カテイ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390303395626245504","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Distribution and Circulation of the Source Waters for the North Pacific Intermediate Water Formation around the Kuroshio-Oyashio Interfrontal Zone"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"黒潮・親潮前線間域における北太平洋中層水起源水の分布と循環"},{"@value":"2005年度日本海洋学会岡田賞受賞記念論文 黒潮・親潮前線間域における北太平洋中層水起源水の分布と循環"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"2005ネンド ニホン カイヨウ ガッカイ オカダショウ ジュショウ キネン ロンブン クロシオ オヤシオ ゼンセン カンイキ ニ オケル キタタイヘイヨウ チュウソウスイ キゲンスイ ノ ブンプ ト ジュンカン"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390564238091378304","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Decadal Vision in Oceanography (I)"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"海洋学の10年展望（Ⅰ）"},{"@value":"海洋学の10年展望(1)日本海洋学会将来構想委員会物理サブグループの議論から"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"カイヨウガク ノ 10ネン テンボウ(1)ニホン カイヨウ ガッカイ ショウライ コウソウ イインカイ ブツリ サブグループ ノ ギロン 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