{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995604582528.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/95jb00868"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F95JB00868"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/95JB00868"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Geodesy using the Global Positioning System: The effects of signal scattering on estimates of site position"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) data from two sites separated by a horizontal distance of only ∼2.2 m yielded phase residuals exhibiting a systematic elevation angle dependence. One of the two GPS antennas was mounted on an ∼1‐m‐high concrete pillar, and the other was mounted on a standard wooden tripod. We performed elevation angle cutoff tests with these data and established that the estimate of the vertical coordinate of site position was sensitive to the minimum elevation angle (elevation cutoff) of the data analyzed. For example, the estimate of the vertical coordinate of site position changed by 9.7±0.8 mm when the minimum elevation angle was increased from 10° to 25°. We performed simulations based on a simple (ray tracing) multipath model with a single horizontal reflector which demonstrated that the results from the elevation angle cutoff tests and the pattern of the residuals versus elevation angle could be qualitatively reproduced if the reflector were located 0.1–0.2 m beneath the antenna phase center. We therefore hypothesized that the elevation‐angle‐dependent error was caused by scattering from the horizontal surface of the pillar, located a distance of ∼0.2 m beneath the antenna phase center. We tested this hypothesis by placing microwave absorbing material between the antenna and the pillar in a number of configurations and by analyzing the changes in apparent position of the antenna. The results indicate that (1) the horizontal surface of the pillar is indeed the main scatterer, (2) both the concrete and the metal plate embedded in the pillar are significant sources of scattering, and (3) the scattering can be reduced greatly by the use of microwave absorbing materials. These results have significant implications for the accuracy of global GPS geodetic tracking networks which use pillar‐antenna configurations identical or similar to the one used for this study at the Westford WFRD GPS site.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004057872571904","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. Elósegui"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995604582533","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. L. Davis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995604582531","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. T. K. Jaldehag"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995604582529","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. M. Johansson"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995604582532","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. E. Niell"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995604582530","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"I. I. Shapiro"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"01480227"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"1995-06-10","prism:volume":"100","prism:number":"B6","prism:startingPage":"9921","prism:endingPage":"9934"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F95JB00868"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/95JB00868"}],"createdAt":"2004-02-04","modifiedAt":"2024-12-15","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050306506458134528","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"GPS snow depth meter with geometry-free linear combinations of carrier phases"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206501843968","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Tsukuba GPS Dense Net Campaign Observations: Comparison of the Stacking Maps of Post-fit Phase Residuals Estimated from Three Software Packages"},{"@value":"Tsukuba GPS Dense Net Campaign Observation : Comparison of the Stacking Maps of Post-fit Phase Residuals Estimated from Three Software Packages (1.Ground-Based GPS Meteorology)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206509022336","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A study of spatial water vapor distributions by using one-way residuals of GPS phase measurements"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206511219200","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Preliminary results from permanent GPS array by the Geological Survey of Japan in conjunction with groundwater-level observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206513789312","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Calibration of antenna-radome and monument-multipath effect of GEONET-Part 1: Measurement of phase characteristics"},{"@value":"Calibration of antenna-radome and monument-multipath effect of GEONET(1)Measurement of phase chaaracteristics"},{"@value":"Calibration of antenna-radome and monument-multipath effect of GEONET—Part 1: Measurement of phase characteristics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206513790464","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Calibration of antenna-radome and monument-multipath effect of GEONET-Part 2: Evaluation of the phase map by GEONET data"},{"@value":"Calibration of antenna-radome and monument-multipath effect of GEONET(2)Evaluation of the phase map by GEONET data"},{"@value":"Calibration of antenna-radome and monument-multipath effect of GEONET—Part 2: Evaluation of the phase map by GEONET data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206514078080","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The use of GPS buoys in the determination of oceanic variables"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"use of GPS buoys in the determination of oceanic variables"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050588892106671616","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"On the performance of position-domain sidereal filter for 30-s kinematic GPS to mitigate multipath errors"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/95jb00868"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03352358_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2004.315_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-022-01584-8_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03352260_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03352340_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03352359_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03352396_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s00190-011-0511-x_references_DOI_2WBPS4iQEtlZ95DBtUixciOKElT"}]}