{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699995892799360.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Neuronal–Glial Glucose Oxidation and Glutamatergic–GABAergic Function"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p> Prior <jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) experiments, which simultaneously measured in vivo rates of total glutamate-glutamine cycling (V<jats:sub>cyc(tot)</jats:sub>) and neuronal glucose oxidation ( CMR<jats:sub>glc(ox), N</jats:sub>), revealed a linear relationship between these fluxes above isoelectricity, with a slope of ~1. In vitro glial culture studies examining glutamate uptake indicated that glutamate, which is cotransported with Na<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>, stimulated glial uptake of glucose and release of lactate. These in vivo and in vitro results were consolidated into a model: recycling of one molecule of neurotransmitter between glia and neurons was associated with oxidation of one glucose molecule in neurons; however, the glucose was taken up only by glia and all the lactate (pyruvate) generated by glial glycolysis was transferred to neurons for oxidation. The model was consistent with the 1:1 relationship between Δ CMR<jats:sub>glc(ox), N</jats:sub> and Δ V<jats:sub>cyc(tot)</jats:sub> measured by <jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C MRS. However, the model could not specify the energetics of glia and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurons because quantitative values for these pathways were not available. Here, we review recent <jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C and <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C tracer studies that enable us to include these fluxes in a more comprehensive model. The revised model shows that glia produce at least 8% of total oxidative ATP and GABAergic neurons generate ~18% of total oxidative ATP in neurons. Neurons produce at least 88% of total oxidative ATP, and take up ~26% of the total glucose oxidized. Glial lactate (pyruvate) still makes the major contribution to neuronal oxidation, but ~30% less than predicted by the prior model. The relationship observed between Δ CMR<jats:sub>glc(ox), N</jats:sub> and Δ V<jats:sub>cyc(tot)</jats:sub> is determined by glial glycolytic ATP as before. Quantitative aspects of the model, which can be tested by experimentation, are discussed. </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995892799361","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Fahmeed Hyder"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Division of Bioimaging Sciences (DBS), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995892799360","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Anant B Patel"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995892799363","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Albert Gjedde"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Pathophysiology and Experimental Tomography Center, Aarhus University Hospitals, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995892799362","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Douglas L Rothman"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Division of Bioimaging Sciences (DBS), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995892799365","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kevin L Behar"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381699995892799364","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Robert G Shulman"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"@value":"Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"0271678X"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15597016"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"https://id.crossref.org/issn/0271678X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"SAGE Publications"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2006-07","prism:volume":"26","prism:number":"7","prism:startingPage":"865","prism:endingPage":"877"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license"],"url":[{"@id":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263"},{"@id":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263"}],"createdAt":"2006-01-11","modifiedAt":"2025-03-11","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233961283712","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Glycolytic flux controls\n            <scp>d</scp>\n            -serine synthesis through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in astrocytes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004237557616512","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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