{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361975843010710016.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2019je006109"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2019JE006109"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JE006109"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2019JE006109"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JE006109"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Water Vapor Vertical Profiles on Mars in Dust Storms Observed by TGO/NOMAD"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>It has been suggested that dust storms efficiently transport water vapor from the near‐surface to the middle atmosphere on Mars. Knowledge of the water vapor vertical profile during dust storms is important to understand water escape. During Martian Year 34, two dust storms occurred on Mars: a global dust storm (June to mid‐September 2018) and a regional storm (January 2019). Here we present water vapor vertical profiles in the periods of the two dust storms (<jats:italic>Ls</jats:italic> = 162–260° and <jats:italic>Ls</jats:italic> = 298–345°) from the solar occultation measurements by Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). We show a significant increase of water vapor abundance in the middle atmosphere (40–100 km) during the global dust storm. The water enhancement rapidly occurs following the onset of the storm (<jats:italic>Ls</jats:italic>~190°) and has a peak at the most active period (<jats:italic>Ls</jats:italic>~200°). Water vapor reaches very high altitudes (up to 100 km) with a volume mixing ratio of ~50 ppm. The water vapor abundance in the middle atmosphere shows high values consistently at 60°S‐60°N at the growth phase of the dust storm (<jats:italic>Ls</jats:italic> = 195°–220°), and peaks at latitudes greater than 60°S at the decay phase (<jats:italic>Ls</jats:italic> = 220°–260°). This is explained by the seasonal change of meridional circulation: from equinoctial Hadley circulation (two cells) to the solstitial one (a single pole‐to‐pole cell). We also find a conspicuous increase of water vapor density in the middle atmosphere at the period of the regional dust storm (<jats:italic>Ls</jats:italic> = 322–327°), in particular at latitudes greater than 60°S.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380298755641071112","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Aoki"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"},{"@value":"LPAP, STAR Institute Université de Liège  Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010710016","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. C. Vandaele"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709760","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"F. Daerden"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709893","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. L. Villanueva"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709896","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Liuzzi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709892","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"I. R. Thomas"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010710018","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. T. Erwin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709897","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. Trompet"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709890","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Robert"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010710022","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. Neary"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709891","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Viscardy"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010710020","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. T. Clancy"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Space Science Institute  Boulder CO USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709898","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. D. Smith"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt MD USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010710021","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. A. Lopez‐Valverde"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, IAA‐CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomia  Granada Spain"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709888","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. Hill"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, IAA‐CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomia  Granada Spain"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709895","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. Ristic"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA‐IASB  Brussels Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709894","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. R. Patel"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physical Sciences The Open University  Milton Keynes UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010709889","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Bellucci"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, IAPS‐INAF  Rome Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381975843010710017","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J.‐J. Lopez‐Moreno"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, IAA‐CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomia  Granada Spain"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"21699097"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"21699100"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2019-12","prism:volume":"124","prism:number":"12","prism:startingPage":"3482","prism:endingPage":"3497"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2019JE006109"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JE006109"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2019JE006109"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JE006109"}],"createdAt":"2019-12-17","modifiedAt":"2023-09-06","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040000782017285120","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"19K03943"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP19K03943"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-19K03943/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"大気波動を介した下層大気から宇宙への物質輸送の研究"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Vertical transport from the lower atmosphere to space via atmospheric waves on Mars"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282256971180544","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"18H04453"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP18H04453"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PUBLICLY-18H04453/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"探査機観測データ解析と搭載機器開発による火星の水環境進化の解明"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282256990210944","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"19H00707"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP19H00707"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-19H00707/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"欧米探査機との協働で追う火星大気環境の変動と進化"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Variations and evolutions of Martian atmospheric environment investigated in the collaboration with European and US missions"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050307746540945536","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The Mars system revealed by the Martian Moons eXploration mission"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233474929280","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Martian dust storm impact on atmospheric H2O and D/H observed by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142930932352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011143885214976","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A solar escalator on Mars: Self‐lifting of dust layers by radiative heating"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168773585792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Intense Zonal Wind in the Martian Mesosphere During the 2018 Planet‐Encircling Dust Event Observed by Ground‐Based Infrared Heterodyne Spectroscopy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017279830073856","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Planet‐Wide Ozone Destruction in the Middle Atmosphere on Mars During Global Dust Storm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017279830154240","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global Variations in Water Vapor and Saturation State Throughout the Mars Year 34 Dusty Season"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017279830168448","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Carbon Dioxide Retrievals From NOMAD‐SO on ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Temperature Profile Retrievals With the Hydrostatic Equilibrium Equation: 2. Temperature Variabilities in the Mesosphere at Mars Terminator"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017282189482112","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Deuterium Isotopic Ratio of Water Released From the Martian Caps as Measured With TGO/NOMAD"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360021390743270528","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Heterogeneous Processes in the Atmosphere of Mars and Impact on H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> Abundances"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292617916498048","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298755605657856","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"First Detection and Thermal Characterization of Terminator CO<sub>2</sub>Ice Clouds With ExoMars/NOMAD"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298755605682944","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"ExoMars TGO/NOMAD‐UVIS Vertical Profiles of Ozone: 1. 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storm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298757401407488","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Martian water loss to space enhanced by regional dust storms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360306905621622784","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Wave Spectral Changes in the Thermosphere and Ionosphere Related to the PEDE 2018 Dust Event on Mars Observed by MAVEN NGIMS"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567181389174528","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"NOMAD, an Integrated Suite of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars Trace Gas Mission: Technical Description, Science Objectives and Expected Performance"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360572092534527360","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Methane on Mars: New insights into the sensitivity of CH4 with the NOMAD/ExoMars spectrometer through its first in-flight calibration"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574092884491008","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Elevated atmospheric escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars induced by high-altitude water"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118725295616","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Seasonal and Dust‐Related Variations in the Dayside Thermospheric and Ionospheric Compositions of Mars Observed by MAVEN/NGIMS"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118727009664","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567612224128","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Martian Oxygen and Hydrogen Upper Atmospheres Responding to Solar and Dust Storm Drivers: Hisaki Space Telescope Observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570492783104","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Annual survey of water vapor vertical distribution and water–aerosol coupling in the martian atmosphere observed by SPICAM/MEx solar occultations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855570981739904","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Seasonal Water “Pump” in the Atmosphere of Mars: Vertical Transport to the Thermosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857596988779520","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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Extended Results, End of MY 34 and First Half of MY 35"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869855104615040","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mars’ Water Cycle and Escape: A View from Mars Express and Beyond"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869855106713728","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"CO2 in the atmosphere of Mars depleted in 13C"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869856020763520","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Composition and Chemistry of the Martian Atmosphere as Observed by Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043900471040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A spectral line list 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