{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981468762801152.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/2010jamc2376.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jamc/article-pdf/49/12/2416/3554545/2010jamc2376_1.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"New Techniques for the Detection and Adjustment of Shifts in Daily Precipitation Data Series"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This study integrates a Box–Cox power transformation procedure into a common trend two-phase regression-model-based test (the extended version of the penalized maximal F test, or “PMFred,” algorithm) for detecting changepoints to make the test applicable to non-Gaussian data series, such as nonzero daily precipitation amounts or wind speeds. The detection-power aspects of the transformed method (transPMFred) are assessed by a simulation study that shows that this new algorithm is much better than the corresponding untransformed method for non-Gaussian data; the transformation procedure can increase the hit rate by up to ∼70%. Examples of application of this new transPMFred algorithm to detect shifts in real daily precipitation series are provided using nonzero daily precipitation series recorded at a few stations across Canada that represent very different precipitation regimes. The detected changepoints are in good agreement with documented times of changes for all of the example series. This study clarifies that it is essential for homogenization of daily precipitation data series to test the nonzero precipitation amount series and the frequency series of precipitation occurrence (or nonoccurrence), separately. The new transPMFred can be used to test the series of nonzero daily precipitation (which are non Gaussian and positive), and the existing PMFred algorithm can be used to test the frequency series. A software package for using the transPMFred algorithm to detect shifts in nonzero daily precipitation amounts has been developed and made freely available online, along with a quantile-matching (QM) algorithm for adjusting shifts in nonzero daily precipitation series, which is applicable to all positive data. In addition, a similar QM algorithm has also been developed for adjusting Gaussian data such as temperatures. It is noticed that frequency discontinuities are often inevitable because of changes in the measuring precision of precipitation, and that they could complicate the detection of shifts in nonzero daily precipitation data series and void any attempt to homogenize the series. In this case, one must account for all frequency discontinuities before attempting to adjust the measured amounts. This study also proposes approaches to account for detected frequency discontinuities, for example, to fill in the missed measurements of small precipitation or the missed reports of trace precipitation. It stresses the importance of testing the homogeneity of the frequency series of reported zero precipitation and of various small precipitation events, along with testing the series of daily precipitation amounts that are larger than a small threshold value, varying the threshold over a set of small values that reflect changes in measuring precision over time.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381981468762801024","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Xiaolan L. Wang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381981468762801153","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hanfeng Chen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381981468762801154","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yuehua Wu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381981468762801152","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yang Feng"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1381981468762801155","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Qiang Pu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15588432"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"15588424"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2010-12-01","prism:volume":"49","prism:number":"12","prism:startingPage":"2416","prism:endingPage":"2436"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jamc/article-pdf/49/12/2416/3554545/2010jamc2376_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2011-01-10","modifiedAt":"2025-03-01","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001202542612224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Rainfall erosivity in catchments contaminated with fallout from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050869456407396224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Tropical cyclone influence on the long-term variability of Philippine summer monsoon onset"},{"@value":"Tropical cyclone influence on the long-term variability of the Philippines summer monsoon onset"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002215816692736","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Long-term trends and variability of rainfall extremes in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118679700480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Factors affecting extreme rainfall events in the South Pacific"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360580230578320256","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effect of urbanization on temperature indices in the Philippines"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848655122017408","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Changes in extreme rainfall in the Philippines (1911–2010) linked to global mean temperature and <scp>ENSO</scp>"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001205694628992","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"PJパターンを通した夏季西部北太平洋域のモンスーン活動の数十年変調"},{"@language":"en","@value":"A 117-year long index of the Pacific-Japan pattern with application to interdecadal variability"},{"@value":"A 117‐year long index of the Pacific‐Japan pattern with application to interdecadal variability"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/2010jamc2376.1"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-017-0138-5_references_DOI_E4XpsKFwrdusCalFm7qzPDSpUm"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.021_references_DOI_E4XpsKFwrdusCalFm7qzPDSpUm"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/hess-20-2467-2016_references_DOI_E4XpsKFwrdusCalFm7qzPDSpUm"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/joc.4441_references_DOI_E4XpsKFwrdusCalFm7qzPDSpUm"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.wace.2020.100262_references_DOI_E4XpsKFwrdusCalFm7qzPDSpUm"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/joc.7276_references_DOI_E4XpsKFwrdusCalFm7qzPDSpUm"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/joc.4105_references_DOI_E4XpsKFwrdusCalFm7qzPDSpUm"}]}